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Öğe Activity and stability enhancement of ?-amylase treated with sub- and supercritical carbon dioxide(2011) Senyay-Oncel D.; Yesil-Celiktas O.Various physical, chemical and genetic approaches have been applied in order to enhance enzyme stability and activity. In this study, the aim was to investigate the capability of sub- and supercritical carbon dioxide to alter the stability and activity of ?-amylase as an alternative technique. The effects of operational parameters such as pressure (50-300bar), temperature (28-80°C), CO 2 flow (2-10gmin -1) and time (60-180min) were evaluated in regard to the activity and stability of fungal based ?-amylase from Aspergillus oryzea. The activity of untreated enzyme was determined as 17,726µmol/ml/min. While both sub- and supercritical conditions enhanced the activity, the increase in flow rate had an adverse effect and the activity was decreased by 28.9% at a flow rate of 10gmin -1 under supercritical conditions. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of untreated enzyme and treated samples exhibiting the lowest and the highest activities were almost identical except for the chemical shifts observed at the lowest activity sample from 4.0 to 4.4ppm which were assigned to protons of hydrogen-bonded groups. Optimum conditions were determined as 240bar, 41°C, 4gmin -1 CO 2 flow and 150min of process duration yielding 67.7% (29,728µmol/ml/min) higher activity than the untreated enzyme providing fundamental basis for enzymatic applications. © 2011 The Society for Biotechnology, Japan.Öğe Advances in microfluidic synthesis and coupling with synchrotron SAXS for continuous production and real-time structural characterization of nano-self-assemblies(Elsevier B.V., 2021) Ilhan-Ayisigi E.; Yaldiz B.; Bor G.; Yaghmur A.; Yesil-Celiktas O.Microfluidic platforms have become highly attractive tools for synthesis of nanoparticles, including lipid nano-self-assemblies, owing to unique features and at least three important aspects inherent to miniaturized micro-devices. Firstly, the fluids flow under controlled conditions in the microchannels, providing well-defined flow profiles and shorter diffusion lengths that play important roles in enhancing the continuous production of lipid and polymer nanoparticles with relatively narrow size distributions. Secondly, various geometries adapted to microfluidic device designs can be utilized for enhancing the colloidal stability of nanoparticles and improving their drug loading. Thirdly, microfluidic devices are usually compatible with in situ characterization methods for real-time monitoring of processes occurring inside the microchannels. This is unlike conventional nanoparticle synthesis methods, where a final solution or withdrawn aliquots are separately analysed. These features inherent to microfluidic devices provide a tool-set allowing not only precise nanoparticle size control, but also real-time analyses for process optimization. In this review, we focus on recent advances and developments in the use of microfluidic devices for synthesis of lipid nanoparticles. We present different designs based on hydrodynamic flow focusing, droplet-based methods and controlled microvortices, and discuss integration of microfluidic platforms with synchrotron small-angle X ray scattering (SAXS) for in situ structural characterization of lipid nano-self-assemblies under continuous flow conditions, along with major challenges and future directions in this research area. © 2021 Elsevier B.V.Öğe Application of ?-glucuronidase-immobilised silica gel formulation to microfluidic platform for biotransformation of ?-glucuronides(Springer Netherlands, 2018) Muderrisoglu C.; Sargin S.; Yesil-Celiktas O.Objective: To improve the efficiency of reactions of ?-glucuronidase (GUS)-assisted glucuronic acid (GluA) removal within a microfluidic system. Results: ?-glucuronidase from Helix pomatia was immobilised and characterised in silica-based sol–gel monoliths. Efficiency of the GUS-doped silica monoliths was tested for hydrolysis of p-Nitrophenyl-?-d-glucuronide (pNP–GluA) in both ml-scaled medium via batch reactions and microfluidic environment via continuous-flow reactions. In the microfluidic platform, within a duration of 150 min of continuous operation (flow rate: 1 µL/min), the obtained highest pNP yield was almost 50% higher than that of the corresponding batchwise reaction. However, increased flow rates (3, 5, and 10 µL/min) resulted in lower conversion yields compared to 1 µL/min. The microfluidic platform demonstrated continuous hydrolytic activity for 7 days with considerable reaction yields while using a small amount of the enzyme. Conclusion: These results revealed that usage of the microreactors has considerable potential to efficiently obtain bioactive GluA-free aglycons from various plant-derived ?-glucuronides for pharmaceutical applications. © 2018, Springer Science+Business Media B.V., part of Springer Nature.Öğe Application of ß-glucuronidase-immobilised silica gel formulation to microfluidic platform for biotransformation of ß-glucuronides(Springer Netherlands, 2018) Muderrisoglu C.; Sargin S.; Yesil-Celiktas O.Objective: To improve the efficiency of reactions of ß-glucuronidase (GUS)-assisted glucuronic acid (GluA) removal within a microfluidic system. Results: ß-glucuronidase from Helix pomatia was immobilised and characterised in silica-based sol–gel monoliths. Efficiency of the GUS-doped silica monoliths was tested for hydrolysis of p-Nitrophenyl-ß-d-glucuronide (pNP–GluA) in both ml-scaled medium via batch reactions and microfluidic environment via continuous-flow reactions. In the microfluidic platform, within a duration of 150 min of continuous operation (flow rate: 1 µL/min), the obtained highest pNP yield was almost 50% higher than that of the corresponding batchwise reaction. However, increased flow rates (3, 5, and 10 µL/min) resulted in lower conversion yields compared to 1 µL/min. The microfluidic platform demonstrated continuous hydrolytic activity for 7 days with considerable reaction yields while using a small amount of the enzyme. Conclusion: These results revealed that usage of the microreactors has considerable potential to efficiently obtain bioactive GluA-free aglycons from various plant-derived ß-glucuronides for pharmaceutical applications. © 2018, Springer Science+Business Media B.V., part of Springer Nature.Öğe Bio-based fractions by hydrothermal treatment of olive pomace: Process optimization and evaluation(Elsevier Ltd, 2015) Kazan A.; Celiktas M.S.; Sargin S.; Yesil-Celiktas O.Olive pomace is an important lignocellulosic biomass for Mediterranean countries which is released in large quantities during industrial olive oil production and used for heating purposes for many years. In this study, the aim was to investigate the use of olive pomace to obtain value added fractions namely, proteins, fermentable sugars and lignin by sustainable biorefinery approach applying a sequence of high pressure extraction and hydrolysis. After pretreatment steps, 93.7% of the fermentable sugars and 94.4% of the lignin that present in the biomass were recovered. Liquid hot water (LHW) pretreatment was shown to enhance the yield of enzymatic hydrolysis by an increase of 95.23%. The obtained sugars were used to produce bioethanol and based on the consumed sugar the yield and productivity were determined as 15.25% and 0.086 kg/m3 h respectively. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Bioethanol production from raffinate phase of supercritical CO2 extracted Stevia rebaudiana leaves(2012) Coban I.; Sargin S.; Celiktas M.S.; Yesil-Celiktas O.The extracts of Stevia rebaudiana are marketed as dietary supplements and utilized as natural sweetening agent in food products. Subsequent to extraction on industrial scale, large quantities of solid wastes are produced. The aim of this study was to investigate the bioconversion efficiency of supercritical CO2 extracted S. rebaudiana residues. Therefore, leaves were extracted with supercritical CO2 and ethanol mixture in order to obtain glycosides, then the raffinate phase was hydrolyzed by both dilute acid and various concentrations of cellulase and ß-glucosidase cocktail. The maximum yield of reducing sugars reached 25.67g/L under the optimal conditions of enzyme pretreatment, whereas 32.00g/L was reached by consecutive enzymatic and acid hydrolyses. Bioethanol yield (20g/L, 2.0% inoculum, 2days) based on the sugar consumed was 45.55% corresponding to a productivity of 0.19kg/m3h which demonstrates challenges to be utilized as a potential feedstock for the production of bioethanol. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.Öğe The breadth and intensity of supercritical particle formation research with an emphasis on publication and patent disclosures(2010) Yesil-Celiktas O.; Senyay D.The drawbacks of the conventional mechanical treatments for particle micronization often resulting in product damage or performance degradation have highlighted the need for alternative particle formation processes. The aim of this study was to shed light on the trends of the scientific studies and innovations in the field of particle formation using supercritical fluids (SCF) in order to observe the progress of science and technology and to satisfy the need for a global view of research activities. The publications in the ISI Web and the patents in a patent database were screened using nine different keywords in title or topics. A total of 939 journal publication and 206 patent disclosures between 1980-2009, with the contributions of 3588 authors and 604 innovators, were found to focus on particle formation using SCF. The results showed that the majority of the publication (59.2%) and patent (40.3%) disclosures were related to antisolvent precipitation and rapid expansion of SCF (18.3, 16%). Patents originating from United States (56.8%) were dominating, followed by those from the European Union (30.1%) and Japan (9.2%). The analysis revealed the appetite of the companies for commercialization (73.8%), which can be interpreted as an indicator of upcoming industrial applications. © 2010 American Chemical Society.Öğe A comparative study of antioxidant properties of extracts obtained from renewable forestry and agricultural resources(2009) Yesil-Celiktas O.Renewable forestry and agricultural resources collected from various locations of Turkey were subjected to evaluation as potential phytochemicals. Antioxidant activities of 4 pine bark extracts (Pinus brutia, Pinus sylvestris, Pinus nigra and Pinus pinea), a commercial product (Pycnogenol®), and 3 industrial extracts of olive leaves (olive leaf extract, olive leaf juice and olive mill wastewater pulp) were determined using in vitro antioxidant activity, radical scavenging assays and ß-carotene bleaching method. P. brutia extract revealed the highest activity (936.6 mg GAE/g extract; EC 50: 8.1 µg/ml), whereas pine bark extracts showed higher activities than the industrial extracts of olive leaf. Additionally, extent of lipid peroxidation in cooked turkey meat was the lowest in P. brutia extract (0.92 to 3.78 mg MDA/kg) during 7 days of storage. Results presented here indicate that bark of Pinus species other than P. maritima and olive leaves offer the prospects of new bio-resources to be utilized in the industry.Öğe Design of a new generation wound dressing with pine bark extract(SAGE Publications Ltd, 2019) Karakaya P.S.; Oktay A.; Seventekin N.; Yesil-Celiktas O.Medical textiles are one of the fastest growing sectors in the technical textile market. Wound dress is one of the significant applications with the largest share in medical textiles. Active molecules doped in the dressings may be therapeutic agents, vitamins, antibiotics, minerals, and growth factors, which contribute to wound healing. Medical plants have a great potential with positive effects in wound care and accelerate the rate of wound healing. Pine bark, which is known to exhibit wound healing properties, is also used in the medical field. The purpose of this study is to design a new wound dressing enriched with Pinus brutia extract. Microwave-assisted extraction which is an environmentally friendly method was carried out at 70?, 900 W for 10 min to obtain the extracts. Subsequently, P. brutia bark extract was embedded to the alginate gel dressing and characterized and evaluated by in vivo studies on rats. According to the results, the extract was rapidly released from the alginate gel in the first 6 h, whereas the release was slowly increased to 24 h and then reached a steady state. Therefore, P. brutia extract-embedded alginate gel dressings applied for in vivo studies were changed every 24 h, reaching a healing rate of 75.7%, whereas the control group showed a healing rate of 48.6% indicating the superiority of the newly designed wound healing dress enriched with pine bark extract. © The Author(s) 2019.Öğe Design of a new generation wound dressing with pine bark extract(SAGE Publications Ltd, 2021) Karakaya P.S.; Oktay A.; Seventekin N.; Yesil-Celiktas O.Medical textiles are one of the fastest growing sectors in the technical textile market. Wound dress is one of the significant applications with the largest share in medical textiles. Active molecules doped in the dressings may be therapeutic agents, vitamins, antibiotics, minerals, and growth factors, which contribute to wound healing. Medical plants have a great potential with positive effects in wound care and accelerate the rate of wound healing. Pine bark, which is known to exhibit wound healing properties, is also used in the medical field. The purpose of this study is to design a new wound dressing enriched with Pinus brutia extract. Microwave-assisted extraction which is an environmentally friendly method was carried out at 70?, 900 W for 10 min to obtain the extracts. Subsequently, P. brutia bark extract was embedded to the alginate gel dressing and characterized and evaluated by in vivo studies on rats. According to the results, the extract was rapidly released from the alginate gel in the first 6 h, whereas the release was slowly increased to 24 h and then reached a steady state. Therefore, P. brutia extract-embedded alginate gel dressings applied for in vivo studies were changed every 24 h, reaching a healing rate of 75.7%, whereas the control group showed a healing rate of 48.6% indicating the superiority of the newly designed wound healing dress enriched with pine bark extract. © The Author(s) 2019.Öğe Determination of extractability of pine bark using supercritical CO 2 extraction and different solvents: Optimization and prediction(2009) Yesil-Celiktas O.; Otto F.; Gruener S.; Parlar H.Bark from Pinus brutia was extracted with supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), using CO2, at various extraction conditions both at laboratory and at pilot scale. Optimized parameters were 200 bar, 60 °C, and 3% ethanol at a solvent/feed ratio of 30. Additionally, the pine bark was sonicated (1 h at 50 °C) by different solvents (n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol) to investigate the correlation between the different extraction setups and to obtain information on SFE up-scaling possibilities. Analyzed by HPLC, 7.2% of (-)-catechin was extractable at laboratory scale, and 58.4% (800 bar) and 47.8% (200 bar), both with modifiers, at pilot scale. By sonication with ethanol, 46.8% of (-)-catechin and almost 100% of (-)-epicatechin and (-)-catechin gallate were extracted. Ethyl acetate extract revealed high correlations with the laboratory scale SFE (r = 0.98) and also pilot scale SFE runs at 200 (r= 0.99) and 800 bar (r= 0.98) without modifiers. © 2009 American Chemical Society.Öğe Development of an Integrated Optical Sensor for Determination of ?-Hydroxybutyrate Within the Microplatform(Springer, 2021) Devamoglu U.; Duman I.; Saygili E.; Yesil-Celiktas O.Ketone bodies (acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate (?HB), acetone) are generated as a result of fatty acid oxidation in the liver and exist at low concentrations in urine and blood. Elevated concentrations can indicate health problems such as diabetes, childhood hypoglycemia, alcohol, or salicylate poisoning. Development of portable and cost-effective bedside point-of-care (POC) tests to detect such compounds can help to reduce the risk of disease progression. In this study, ?HB was chosen as a model molecule for developing an optical sensor–integrated microplatform. Prior to sensor optimization, ?HB levels were measured at a concentration range of 0.02 and 0.1 mM spectrophotometrically, which is far below the reported elevated ranges of 1–2 mM and resulting absorbance changes were converted into an Arduino microcontroller code for the correlation. Measurements performed with the designed integrated microplatform were found significant. Integrated microplatform was verified with the benchtop spectrophotometer. Measurements between 0.02 and 0.1 mM substrate concentration were found highly sensitive with “y = 0.7347x + 0.00184” with R2 value of 0.9796, and the limit of detection was determined as 0.02 mM. Based on these results, the proposed system will allow on-site and early intervention. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.Öğe Diffusion phenomena of cells and biomolecules in microfluidic devices(American Institute of Physics Inc., 2015) Yildiz-Ozturk E.; Yesil-Celiktas O.Biomicrofluidics is an emerging field at the cross roads of microfluidics and life sciences which requires intensive research efforts in terms of introducing appropriate designs, production techniques, and analysis. The ultimate goal is to deliver innovative and cost-effective microfluidic devices to biotech, biomedical, and pharmaceutical industries. Therefore, creating an in-depth understanding of the transport phenomena of cells and biomolecules becomes vital and concurrently poses significant challenges. The present article outlines the recent advancements in diffusion phenomena of cells and biomolecules by highlighting transport principles from an engineering perspective, cell responses in microfluidic devices with emphases on diffusion- and flow-based microfluidic gradient platforms, macroscopic and microscopic approaches for investigating the diffusion phenomena of biomolecules, microfluidic platforms for the delivery of these molecules, as well as the state of the art in biological applications of mammalian cell responses and diffusion of biomolecules. © 2015 AIP Publishing LLC.Öğe Downstream processes for plant cell and tissue culture(Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2013) Yesil-Celiktas O.; Vardar-Sukan F.Biotechnological cultivation of plant cells and tissues is one of the most challenging fields of recent scientific researches. The requirements of pharmaceutical and food industries in terms of value-added phytochemicals have increased rapidly in the last few years. Therefore, cost-effective and technically sound downstream processes have to be developed in order to supply standardized end-products. Depending on the utilization of the biomass or the culture broth, different types of facilities are needed for the recovery and quali-quantitative analysis. The aim of this chapter is to summarize mass transfer considerations and critically outline the developments in downstream processing of plant cell and tissue cultures by presenting fundamental knowledge as well as the advantages and disadvantages of some conventional and novel techniques such as supercritical fluid and membrane processes. Furthermore, state of the art for recovery and purification of secondary metabolites were discussed in the light of patents via Espacenet database covering US, Japan, European, Korean, and Chinese issued and applied patents and WIPO publications. Innovative downstream processes in combination with hyphenated techniques representing a modern approach to perform fast and reproducible analytical methods for quantification and quality assurance of secondary metabolites are major challenges for industrial-scale applications of plant cell and tissue cultures. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. All rights are reserved.Öğe Effects of Pinus brutia bark extract and Pycnogenol® in a rat model of carrageenan induced inflammation(2009) Ince I.; Yesil-Celiktas O.; Karabay-Yavasoglu N.U.; Elgin G.The present study was conducted to explore the anti-inflammatory activities of Pinus brutia bark extract and Pycnogenol® in a rat model of carrageenan-induced inflammation. Firstly, the compositions of both samples were determined using HPLC. Then, carrageenan-induced paw edema was used to assess anti-inflammatory activity in mice. Paw volume was measured before and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 h after the injection of carrageenan. Intraperitoneal administration of both the extract and Pycnogenol® inhibited paw swelling dose-dependently at 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 h after carrageenan injection. Both samples exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activities at doses of 75 and 100 mg/kg body wt. between 2 and 4 hours after administration (p<0.05), respectively. Additionally, P. brutia bark extract showed significantly better activity at doses of 75 and 100 mg/kg body wt. than indomethacine at the dose of 10 mg/kg body wt. (p<0.05). No acute toxicity was identified in intraplantar injection of the extract at a dose of 2000 mg/kg body wt.. Therefore, P. brutia bark extract possessing 3.3-fold more total catechins and 9.8-fold more taxifolin than Pycnogenol® can be utilized as an anti-inflammatory agent. © 2009 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.Öğe Effects of process parameters on supercritical CO 2 extraction of total phenols from strawberry (Arbutus unedo L.) fruits: An optimization study(2011) Akay S.; Alpak I.; Yesil-Celiktas O.The aim of this work was to optimize total phenolic yield of Arbutus unedo fruits using supercritical fluid extraction. A Box-Behnken statistical design was used to evaluate the effect of various values of pressure (50-300 bar), temperature (30-80°C) and concentration of ethanol as co-solvent (0-20%) by CO 2 flow rate of 15 g/min for 60 min. The most effective variable was co-solvent ratio (p<0.005). Evaluative criteria for both dependent variables (total phenols and radical scavenging activity) in the model were assigned maximum. Optimum extraction conditions were elicited as 60 bar, 48°C and 19.7% yielding 25.72 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) total phenols/g extract and 99.9% radical scavenging capacity, which were higher than the values obtained by conventional water (24.89 mg/g; 83.8%) and ethanol (15.12 mg/g; 95.8%) extractions demonstrating challenges as a green separation process with improved product properties for industrial applications. © 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.Öğe Formulation of organic and inorganic hydrogel matrices for immobilization of ß-glucosidase in microfluidic platform(Wiley-VCH Verlag, 2017) Kazan A.; Heymuth M.; Karabulut D.; Akay S.; Yildiz-Ozturk E.; Onbas R.; Muderrisoglu C.; Sargin S.; Heils R.; Smirnova I.; Yesil-Celiktas O.The aim of this study was to formulate silica and alginate hydrogels for immobilization of ß-glucosidase. For this purpose, enzyme kinetics in hydrogels were determined, activity of immobilized enzymes was compared with that of free enzyme, and structures of silica and alginate hydrogels were characterized in terms of surface area and pore size. The addition of polyethylene oxide improved the mechanical strength of the silica gels and 68% of the initial activity of the enzyme was preserved after immobilizing into tetraethyl orthosilicate–polyethylene oxide matrix where the relative activity in alginate beads was 87%. The immobilized ß-glucosidase was loaded into glass–silicon–glass microreactors and catalysis of 4-nitrophenyl ß-d-glucopyranoside was carried out at various retention times (5, 10, and 15 min) to compare the performance of silica and alginate hydrogels as immobilization matrices. The results indicated that alginate hydrogels exhibited slightly better properties than silica, which can be utilized for biocatalysis in microfluidic platforms. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, WeinheimÖğe Has Humanizing the Drug Discovery and Development Process with Organ-On-Chips Contributed to Breaking Eroom’s Law?(The International Society for Technology Education and Science, 2023) Yesil-Celiktas O.; Filiz Y.The drug discovery and development process is time and cost intensive. Eroom’s law published with data up to 2010, stated that total costs of research and development (R&D) on new drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration had risen exponentially for 60 years. However, the changes in the costs associated with failed new molecular entities have started to decline, which led to the breaking of the rule. In this study, organ-on-chips are hypothesized as another valid reason, breaking Eroom’s Law as key parameters related to molecular, cellular and physiological features of human disease progression have been considered while developing such models. Although animal models have been widely used, interspecies differences result in contradictions in clinical translation. Indeed, organ-on-chips have arisen as powerful tools to overcome these limitations. Organ-on-chips populated by human primary cells and/or stem cells can recapitulate in vivo organ level physiology and pathophysiology by recreating tissue and organ level functions in vitro. Cancer metastasis-on-chip models used to assess the efficacy of drug therapies are elaborated. In the short to medium term, more efforts are anticipated in engineering advanced microfluidic systems to develop organ-on-chip platforms for predictive translation of preclinical findings into clinical studies. © 2023 Published by the ISTES OrganizationÖğe High pressure vegetable tanning of sheepskins using supercritical carbon dioxide(Elsevier B.V., 2015) Onem E.; Gulumser G.; Renner M.; Yesil-Celiktas O.Leather is a porous material composed of a three-dimensional weave of collagen fiber bundles. The high pressure tanning (HPT) of sheepskins with valonea tannin in supercritical CO2 was approached to investigate the diffusion process through the skin matrix. Uptake of vegetable tanning agent (VTA) was analyzed at 100 bar and 32 °C with varying tanning times (2–8 h). Shrinkage temperature (Ts) as thermal stability of the tanned collagen and filling coefficient (%) of pressurized vegetable tanning (PVT) were also analyzed. The best results were obtained at 8 h treatment yielding 83.77% of VTA uptake and a filling coefficient of 54.97%. PVT experiments showed a satisfactory conversion of the skins to leather in terms of the thermal stability. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the tanned skins showed that high pressure did not alter the fiber structure and morphology negatively. The proposed technique has high potential to be deployed to industrial scale. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.Öğe High-Yield Biocatalysis of Baicalein 7-O-ß-d-Glucuronide to Baicalein Using Soluble Helix pomatia-Derived ß-Glucuronidase in a Chemically Defined Acidic Medium(Springer New York LLC, 2019) Muderrisoglu C.; Yesil-Celiktas O.Abstract: Baicalein, showing stronger pharmacological activity, can be obtained by removal of the distal glucuronic acid (GluA) from baicalein 7-O-ß-D-glucuronide (baicalin). In the present study, a chemically defined reaction medium comprised of mildly acidic (pH 4.5, 37 °C) aqueous solution, was formulated for biotransformation of baicalin to baicalein using acidic Helix pomatia derived beta-glucuronidase (HP-GUS), an untested biocatalyst source. The biotransformation was carried out as a batchwise process within an optimised reaction cocktail (with 5% dimethylformamide, v/v) by a 4-h HP-GUS (250 unit/ml) incubation of baicalin (60 ppm) and resulted in a promising conversion ratio of 99% without any by-product formation. The formulated reaction system may offer a novel and efficient alternative for bioproduction of baicalein, which can be vital for pharmaceutical applications. Graphical Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]. © 2019, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
