Are Some Metals in Tattoo Inks Harmful to Health? An Analytical Approach

dc.authorscopusid56685676600
dc.authorscopusid58040655400
dc.authorscopusid25935885100
dc.authorscopusid8678752700
dc.contributor.authorKaradagli, S.S.
dc.contributor.authorCansever, I.
dc.contributor.authorArmagan, G.
dc.contributor.authorSogut, O.
dc.date.accessioned2024-08-25T18:36:39Z
dc.date.available2024-08-25T18:36:39Z
dc.date.issued2023
dc.departmentEge Üniversitesien_US
dc.description.abstractTattoo application is widely performed all over the world; however, injection of coloring substances into the skin as metals may pose a risk for allergies and other skin inflammations and systemic diseases. In this context, tattoo inks in green, black, and red colors of three brands were purchased. Before starting the analysis, the acid mixture suitable for microwave burning was determined, and according to these results, the inks were digested with nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, and hydrofluoric acid. Then, method validation was performed for tattoo inks using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The relative contribution of metals to the tattoo ink composition was highly variable between colors and brands. Elements found in the main components of inks are as follows (in mg kg-1): Al, 1191.1-3424.9; Co, 0.04-1.07; Cu, 1.24-2523.4; Fe, 16.98-318.42; Ni, 0.63-17.53; and Zn, 2.6-46.9. It has been determined by the Environmental Protection Agency that in some products, especially the copper element is above the determined limit. The analysis results obtained were classified by chemometric analysis, and the color and brand relationship were determined. More toxicological studies are necessary to understand the effects of tattoo inks containing heavy metals and/or organic components. © 2022 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.en_US
dc.description.sponsorshipEge Üniversitesi; Ege University Research Foundation; Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, BAP: TGA-2019-20818en_US
dc.description.sponsorshipThe authors acknowledge The Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Centre (FABAL, Ege University, Faculty of Pharmacy) for equipmental support. This study was funded by Ege University Research Foundation (BAP) under grant number TGA-2019-20818.en_US
dc.description.sponsorshipThis study was funded by Ege University Research Foundation (BAP) under grant number TGA-2019-20818.en_US
dc.identifier.doi10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00323
dc.identifier.endpage111en_US
dc.identifier.issn0893-228X
dc.identifier.issue1en_US
dc.identifier.pmid36584178en_US
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85145463438en_US
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ1en_US
dc.identifier.startpage104en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00323
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/11454/100705
dc.identifier.volume36en_US
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopusen_US
dc.indekslendigikaynakPubMeden_US
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherAmerican Chemical Societyen_US
dc.relation.ispartofChemical Research in Toxicologyen_US
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanıen_US
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessen_US
dc.snmz20240825_Gen_US
dc.subjectaluminumen_US
dc.subjectcobalten_US
dc.subjectcopperen_US
dc.subjectheavy metalen_US
dc.subjecthydrochloric aciden_US
dc.subjecthydrofluoric aciden_US
dc.subjectinken_US
dc.subjectironen_US
dc.subjectnickelen_US
dc.subjectnitric aciden_US
dc.subjecttrace elementen_US
dc.subjectzincen_US
dc.subjectcoloring agenten_US
dc.subjectcopperen_US
dc.subjectheavy metalen_US
dc.subjectinken_US
dc.subjectaluminum overloaden_US
dc.subjectArticleen_US
dc.subjectcertified reference materialen_US
dc.subjectchemical compositionen_US
dc.subjectchemometric analysisen_US
dc.subjectcluster analysisen_US
dc.subjectcoloren_US
dc.subjectcomparative studyen_US
dc.subjectconcentration (parameter)en_US
dc.subjectcontact dermatitisen_US
dc.subjectcopper poisoningen_US
dc.subjectenvironmental exposureen_US
dc.subjectenvironmental protectionen_US
dc.subjecthealth hazarden_US
dc.subjectheavy metal poisoningen_US
dc.subjecthumanen_US
dc.subjectinductively coupled plasma mass spectrometryen_US
dc.subjectiron overloaden_US
dc.subjectlimit of detectionen_US
dc.subjectlimit of quantitationen_US
dc.subjectmicrowave radiationen_US
dc.subjectnickel poisoningen_US
dc.subjectphylogenetic treeen_US
dc.subjectskin irritationen_US
dc.subjectskin toxicityen_US
dc.subjecttattooingen_US
dc.subjecttoxicity testingen_US
dc.subjectvalidation studyen_US
dc.subjectwork environmenten_US
dc.subjectzinc poisoningen_US
dc.subjectadverse eventen_US
dc.subjectColoring Agentsen_US
dc.subjectCopperen_US
dc.subjectInken_US
dc.subjectMetals, Heavyen_US
dc.subjectTattooingen_US
dc.titleAre Some Metals in Tattoo Inks Harmful to Health? An Analytical Approachen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US

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