Are Some Metals in Tattoo Inks Harmful to Health? An Analytical Approach
Küçük Resim Yok
Tarih
2023
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
Dergi ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
American Chemical Society
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Tattoo application is widely performed all over the world; however, injection of coloring substances into the skin as metals may pose a risk for allergies and other skin inflammations and systemic diseases. In this context, tattoo inks in green, black, and red colors of three brands were purchased. Before starting the analysis, the acid mixture suitable for microwave burning was determined, and according to these results, the inks were digested with nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, and hydrofluoric acid. Then, method validation was performed for tattoo inks using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The relative contribution of metals to the tattoo ink composition was highly variable between colors and brands. Elements found in the main components of inks are as follows (in mg kg-1): Al, 1191.1-3424.9; Co, 0.04-1.07; Cu, 1.24-2523.4; Fe, 16.98-318.42; Ni, 0.63-17.53; and Zn, 2.6-46.9. It has been determined by the Environmental Protection Agency that in some products, especially the copper element is above the determined limit. The analysis results obtained were classified by chemometric analysis, and the color and brand relationship were determined. More toxicological studies are necessary to understand the effects of tattoo inks containing heavy metals and/or organic components. © 2022 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
aluminum, cobalt, copper, heavy metal, hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, ink, iron, nickel, nitric acid, trace element, zinc, coloring agent, copper, heavy metal, ink, aluminum overload, Article, certified reference material, chemical composition, chemometric analysis, cluster analysis, color, comparative study, concentration (parameter), contact dermatitis, copper poisoning, environmental exposure, environmental protection, health hazard, heavy metal poisoning, human, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, iron overload, limit of detection, limit of quantitation, microwave radiation, nickel poisoning, phylogenetic tree, skin irritation, skin toxicity, tattooing, toxicity testing, validation study, work environment, zinc poisoning, adverse event, Coloring Agents, Copper, Ink, Metals, Heavy, Tattooing
Kaynak
Chemical Research in Toxicology
WoS Q Değeri
Scopus Q Değeri
Q1
Cilt
36
Sayı
1
