İzmir , Manisa ve Aydın yörelerindeki süt sığırcılığı işletmelerinde , sağıma ilişkin mekanizasyon düzeyinin saptanması
Küçük Resim Yok
Tarih
1993
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
Dergi ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Ege Üniversitesi
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess
Özet
108 ÖZET İzmir. Manisa ve Aydın illerindeki süt sığırcılığı işletmelerinin sağıma ilişkin mekanizasyon düzeyinin belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılan bu çalışmada, sağıma ilişkin mekanizasyon uygulamaları ve sağımda mekanizasyonun gelişim eğilimi ortaya konulmuştur. İşletmelerdeki mevcut durum saptanmaya çalı ş ı İmi ş ti r. Yapılan ön çalışmalar sonucunda toplam 127 işletme tesbit edilmiş, bulunduğu yöreyi karekterize eden 51 örnek işletmede "Anket Çalışması" yapılmıştır. İşletme sahipleriyle yapılan karşılıklı görüşmeler sonucunda süt sığırı sayısında azalmalar olduğu gözlenmiştir. Özellikle 3Üt fiyatlarının düşüklüğü ve yem fiyatlarının yüksek oluşu nedeniyle, birçok işletme kapanmış ya da işletmelerdeki hayvan sayısı azalmıştır. İşletmeler süt verimi düşük çok sayı da sı ğı r yerine, süt verimi yüksek kültür ı rkları nı tercih etmektedir. Nitekim yapılan çalışmada ortaya çıkan sonuçlara göre işletmelerdeki süt sığırlarının çoğunluğunu kültür ırkları ve onun melezlerinin oluşturduğu saptanmıştır. Gerek dışardan yapılan ithal, gerekse suni dölleme yoluyla yapılan iyileştirme çabaları ile süt verimi arttın İmaya çalışılmaktadır. Sağım işinin yorucu ve zaman alıcı olması ayrıca sağı mcı ücretinin yüksek oluşu sağım makinası sayısında büyük artışlar doğurmuştur. Bölgede sağım makinası nın Önemi giderek anlaşılmakta ve sağıma ilişkin mekanizasyon uygulamaları yaygı nlaşmaktadır. Sağım, İzmir ilindeki işletmelerin ikisinde elle yapılırken, Manisa ve Aydın illerindeki işletmelerin tamamında109 makina ile yapılmaktadır. Sağım sabah ve akşam olmak üzere günde iki kez yapılmaktadır. İzmir, Manisa ve Aydın illerindeki işletmelerin çoğunluğunda sabit sağım tesisleri kullanılmaktadır. Sabit sağım tesislerinde ise daha çok boru hatlı kovaya sağı m yöntemi uygulanmaktadır. Sağım ahır içinde ve sağım yerlerinde yapılmaktadır. Genellikle işletmelerde balıkkılçığı tipi duraklı sağım yerleri kullanılmaktadır. En çok kullanılan 1x4 balıkkılçığı tipi duraklı sağım yeridir. Yapılan araştırma sonuçlarına göre ahır içindeki toplam çalışma zamanı içerisinde sağıma ayrılan pay İzmir'de %47, Manisa'da %46 ve Aydın 'da %57 olarak bulunmuştur. İşletmelerde sağım tekniği ve hijyenine gerekli önemin verilmediği anlaşılmıştır. Ayrıca sağımcıların yeteri kadar bilgi ve beceriye sahip olmadı klan da söylenebilir. Süt sağım makinalarının, sağımdan sonra temizlenmesi, İzmir, Manisa ve Aydın illerindeki işletmelerin tümünde gerçekleşmektedir. İzmir ilindeki bir işletmede sadece su kullanılarak temizleme yapılırken, genellikle deterjan ve dezenfektan kullanılmaktadır. İşletmelerin birkaçı dışında sağım makinası uygun olarak temizlenmemektedir. Yapılan çalışma sonucunda, işletmelerdeki süt sağım makinalarının kontrol ve bakımına gerekli önemin verilmediği anlaşılmıştır. Ayrıca yılda 1 veya 2 kez yapılması gereken mekanik testlerin işletmelerin hiçbirinde yapılmadığı anlaşılmıştır. İşletmelerdeki sağım makinalarının, yedek parçalarının zor bulunduğu ve pahalı olduğu üreticilerin en önemli şikayetleri arasındadır. Ayrıca bazı yerli yapım makinaları n çabuk arı zalandığı ve mastitise yol açtığı, yeterli servis ve kalifiyeno eleman eksikliği yüzünden kontrol ve bakımların yapılamadığı şikayetler arasındadır. İşletmelerin biri hariç tamamında mastitis görülmüştür. Hastalık çok yaygındır. İşletmelerde yeterli veteriner kontrolü yoktur. Veteriner, işletmeye genellikle şikayet üzerine gelmekte, bazı işletmelerde ise belli periyodlarda kontroller gerçekleştirmektedir. Genellikle mastitis tesbiti sağımcılar tarafından yapılmaktadır. Mastitisin ilk tedavisinin genellikle veterinerler tarafından yapıldığı daha sonra ise verilen reçete doğrultusunda tedaviye devam edildiği anlaşılmıştır. Sonuç olarak; İzmir, Manisa ve Aydın yörelerindeki işletmelerde, sağıma ilişkin uygulamalarda mekanizasyon düzeyi yeterli değildir. Ancak, sağıma ilişkin mekanizasyon bir gelişim eğilimi göstermektedir
Ill SUMMARY In this research which is realized in order to determine mechanization level in the milking actions at the cities of İzmir, Manisa and Aydın, it was determined that the applications related with milking, and developing trends of mechanization in the milking were thrown light on. Existing conditions of the holdings were determined. At the result of these studies, 127 holdings engaged with cow husbandry were determined. Fifty one holdings which characterize their region were taken into consideration and survey study was realized. Decreasing in the cow population was observed by the way of the survey study with the farm owners. Because of the low prices of the milk and high prices of the feed material, many holdings were closed or the cow population was decreased in the holdings, the cows which have high milk yield were preferred instead of so many low-productive cows. Even as, according to results of this research majority of the cows were half-breed and high productive in the holdings. In order to increase the milk yield of the cows, two way were used: importing the high productive cows and artificial fertilization. Milking is the tiring work and it takes so much time. On the other hand milker's salary is high too. Because of these, the number of milking machines increased. In this region, the farmers know very well the importance of the milking machines. In this way, the applications of the mechanization related with the milking are widely used.112 Milking is realized by hand in the two holdings in İzmir. Milking is arranged two times in a day as in the morning and in the evening. In the majority of holdings in İzmir, Manisa and Aydı n stationary milking machines were used. In this type of milking instollation, bucket milking machines are used. Milking is realized inside of the' barn and in the milking porlour. Generally herringbone porlour type is widely used. The most popular one is the 1x4 Herringbore porlour type. At the result of the survey study, the ratio of the milking time to total working time was determined as 47% in İzmir, 46% in Manisa and 57% in Aydı n. It was understood that milking technics and hygiene haven't any importance in the holdings. On the other hand it can be said that milkers haven't enough knowledge and proficiency. The cleaning of the milking machines after the every milking was realized by all of the holdings in İzmir, Manisa and Aydın. Only one of the holdings in İzmir use only water, but others generally use disinfected water or detergent. Except a few holdings, the milking machines weren't cleaned in a right way. At the result of this research, it was understood that, the maintenance and control of milking machines weren't into consideration as an important work. At the most of the holdings, manometer was controlled. Some mechanical tests are necessary to applicate all of the milking machines one or two times a year, this yearly controls weren't realized in any of the holdings. The most important compliments of farmers were these: They couldn't find spare parts of the milking machines and these are113 too expensive. Some home-made milking machines frequently have problems. These firms haven't enough service and technicians. Controls and maintenance of these machines couldn't realized and this caused to mastitis. Except one holding, majority of the holdings have mastitis. The illness was quite widely seen. The controls of veterinary were not enough. In the some holdings it was realized periodically. But in the others, veterinary comes to farm at the time of compliment. Generally, determination of the mastitis indicated by milkers. Generally the first medical treatment was operated by veterinary. After that they continue to the medical treatment as to the receipt. As the result of this research, it was determined that the mechanization level as in the applications of milking in the holdings engaged with cow husbandry in the cities of İzmir, Manisa and Aydın is not enough. On the other hand, it shows developing trends.
Ill SUMMARY In this research which is realized in order to determine mechanization level in the milking actions at the cities of İzmir, Manisa and Aydın, it was determined that the applications related with milking, and developing trends of mechanization in the milking were thrown light on. Existing conditions of the holdings were determined. At the result of these studies, 127 holdings engaged with cow husbandry were determined. Fifty one holdings which characterize their region were taken into consideration and survey study was realized. Decreasing in the cow population was observed by the way of the survey study with the farm owners. Because of the low prices of the milk and high prices of the feed material, many holdings were closed or the cow population was decreased in the holdings, the cows which have high milk yield were preferred instead of so many low-productive cows. Even as, according to results of this research majority of the cows were half-breed and high productive in the holdings. In order to increase the milk yield of the cows, two way were used: importing the high productive cows and artificial fertilization. Milking is the tiring work and it takes so much time. On the other hand milker's salary is high too. Because of these, the number of milking machines increased. In this region, the farmers know very well the importance of the milking machines. In this way, the applications of the mechanization related with the milking are widely used.112 Milking is realized by hand in the two holdings in İzmir. Milking is arranged two times in a day as in the morning and in the evening. In the majority of holdings in İzmir, Manisa and Aydı n stationary milking machines were used. In this type of milking instollation, bucket milking machines are used. Milking is realized inside of the' barn and in the milking porlour. Generally herringbone porlour type is widely used. The most popular one is the 1x4 Herringbore porlour type. At the result of the survey study, the ratio of the milking time to total working time was determined as 47% in İzmir, 46% in Manisa and 57% in Aydı n. It was understood that milking technics and hygiene haven't any importance in the holdings. On the other hand it can be said that milkers haven't enough knowledge and proficiency. The cleaning of the milking machines after the every milking was realized by all of the holdings in İzmir, Manisa and Aydın. Only one of the holdings in İzmir use only water, but others generally use disinfected water or detergent. Except a few holdings, the milking machines weren't cleaned in a right way. At the result of this research, it was understood that, the maintenance and control of milking machines weren't into consideration as an important work. At the most of the holdings, manometer was controlled. Some mechanical tests are necessary to applicate all of the milking machines one or two times a year, this yearly controls weren't realized in any of the holdings. The most important compliments of farmers were these: They couldn't find spare parts of the milking machines and these are113 too expensive. Some home-made milking machines frequently have problems. These firms haven't enough service and technicians. Controls and maintenance of these machines couldn't realized and this caused to mastitis. Except one holding, majority of the holdings have mastitis. The illness was quite widely seen. The controls of veterinary were not enough. In the some holdings it was realized periodically. But in the others, veterinary comes to farm at the time of compliment. Generally, determination of the mastitis indicated by milkers. Generally the first medical treatment was operated by veterinary. After that they continue to the medical treatment as to the receipt. As the result of this research, it was determined that the mechanization level as in the applications of milking in the holdings engaged with cow husbandry in the cities of İzmir, Manisa and Aydın is not enough. On the other hand, it shows developing trends.
Açıklama
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Anahtar Kelimeler
Ziraat, Agriculture, Aydın, Aydın, Manisa, Manisa, Süt sağım makinesi, Milking machine, Süt sağımı, Milking, Süt sığırcılığı işletmeleri, Dairy herds farms, İzmir, Izmir
