Bolu, Nevşehir ve Niğde illerindeki patates üretim alanlarında Erwinia spp. 'nin yaygınlık oranları, tanılanması ve inokulum kaynakları üzerinde araştırmalar
Küçük Resim Yok
Tarih
1991
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
Dergi ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Ege Üniversitesi
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
10 6 Ö..Z E T Toplam patates üretimimizin yaklaşık %45'inin ger çekleştirildiği Bolu, Nevşehir ve Niğde illeri aynı zamanda Türkiye'nin en önemli tohumluk patates üretim alanlarıdır. Bu çalışma yukarıda sözü edilen alanlarda yumuşak çürüklük grubu Erwinia 'ların varlığını, yaygınlık oranını ve başlıca inokulum kaynaklarını araştırmak amacıyla ele alınmıştır. Bu amaçla, 1988-1990 yılları arasında depo ve tarla survey leri yapılmış, tohumluk yumrular, toprak, patates bitkileri rizosferi, yüzey ve yeraltı sularında yumuşak çü rüklük grubu Erwinia'ların varlığı araştırılmıştır. Erwinia türlerinin izolasyonu için Cyrstal Violet Pectate (CVP) seçici besiyeri kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca toprak, su ve rizosfer- de düşük sayıdaki bakteriler, patates yumrularındaki latent infeks iyonları saptamak için zenginleştirme tekniklerinden yararlanılmıştır. Bütün izolatlar, Erwinia 'ların katı besi yerinde a-methylglucoside kullanımı, erythromycin' e duyarlılık ve sıcaklık toleranslarına dayalı değiştirilmiş kısa sürede sonuç veren bir teşhis yöntemiyle tanılanmıştır. Ayrıca, çeşitli kaynaklardan izole edilen yumuşak çürüklük grubu Erwinia izolatlarmın ayırımı için tamamlayıcı olarak 9 biyokimyasal test yapılmış, karakteristikleri belirlenen bütün izolatların patojenisite ve virulensi Granola çeşidi patates bitkileri inokule edilerek belirlenmiştir. Tarlada tohumluk yumru çürümesi ve sap çürümesi şeklinde ortaya çıkan Karabacak hastalığına neden olan et menlerin Eca ve Ece olduğu saptanmıştır. Karabacak hastalığının bulunma oranı Bolu ilinde ortalama %0. 62, Nevşehir'de %1.2 7, Niğde'de %1.19, yaygınlık oranı ise sırasıyla ortalama %22.79, %43.3 ve %38.3 olarak bulunmuştur. Bolu ilinde ticari depolarda, Nevşehir ve Niğde illerinde doğal depolarda yürütülen survey verilerine göre;107 E.carotovora'nm neden olduğu çürük yumru yüzdesi sırasıy la ortalama %0.49, %1.25. ve %0.77, yumrulardaki bulaşma ora nı ise, sırasıyla ortalama %3.99, %8.97 ve %5.37 olarak bulunmuştur. 1988-1990 yılları aaxasmda, ithal edilen tohumluk patates yumruları, 22°C'de yumru inkubasyon yöntemiyle yumuşak çürüklük grubu Erwinia. larm varlığı yönünden testlenmiştir. Yumruların^ patates çeşitleri ve tohumluk partilerine göre değişmekle birlikte %2.5 ile %16 arasında değişen oranlarda E.caratovora ile bulaştığı belirlenmiştir. Ancak bazı patates çeşitlerinin, özellikle îlona ve Granola'nın Eca veya Ece ile yüksek oranda bulaşık olduğu görülmüştür. Nevşehir'de tohumluk patates yetiştirilen 4 patates tarlasında yürütülen denemelerde, Karabacak hastalığı görülen ve görülmeyen bitkilere ait yeni yumrularında E.carotovora ile bulaşık olduğu tesbit edilmiştir. Bununla beraber hastalık belirtisi gösteren bitkilerden alınan yumrulardaki bulaşma oranı, belirti göstermeyen bitkilerden alınanlara göre çok daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Patates bitkileri rizosferi, yüzey ve yeraltı suları ve topraktan yumuşak çürüklük grubu Erwinia ' ların izo lasyonunda Pektat zenginleştirme besiyeri kullanılmıştır. Bolu, Nevşehir ve Niğde illerinden alınan toplam 32 toprak örneğinden Erwinia spp. izole edilememiş ancak, Nevşehir ilinde incelenen 11 patates bitkisinden 4 tanesinin rizosfer toprağında sec ve Eca bulunmuştur. Şubat 1989 ye Ocak 1990 arasında Bolu' da Çepni deresi ve Gölköy baraj gölün den her ay peryodik olarak su örnekleri alınmıştır. Gölköy' den alınan örneklerde Ece 3 defa izole edilebilmiş, Çepni deresinde ise Ecc'nin devamlı mevcut olduğu saptanmıştır. Nevşehir ve Niğde illerinde yeraltı su Örneklerinden Erwinia bakterileri izole edilememiştir. Çeşitli kaynaklardan izole edilen 119 Erwinia kültüründen 68 tanesi Ece, kalanlar ise Eca olarak tanılanmış,108 Echr tesbit edilmemiştir. Hastalxkli saplardan izole edilen 1 izolat dxsxnda bütün izolatların patates bitkilerinde patojen olduğu saptanmış, izolatların saplarda oluşturduğu hastalık şiddetleri %6 ile %87 arasında değişmiştir
10 9 SUMMARY Bolu, Nevgehir and Niğde provinces, which supplie nearly 45% of our total potato production are also the main seed potato growing areas of Turkey. This study was undertaken to investigate the presence and prevalance of soft rot erwinias and their sources of primary inoculum in above mentioned areas. With this aim, field and storage surveys were carried out between 1989 and 1990, and seed tubers, soil, rhizosphere of potato plants, surface and underground waters were searched for the presence of soft rot erwinias. A selective medium crystal violet pectate (CVP) were used to isolate Erwinia spp. Furthermore, enrichment techniques were used for the detection of latent infection in potato tubers and of low numbers of the bacteria in soil, water and rhizosphere. All erwinia isolates were identified with a modified rapid method based on their temperature tolerances, sensitivity to erythromycin and utilization of a-methylglucoside on agar plate. For additional confirmation, 9 biochemical tests were applied to distinguish soft rot erwinia strains isolated from different sources, pathogenicity and virulence of all charecterized isolates were evaluated by inoculation of potato plants (cv. Granola). It was determined that both Eca, and Ecc were the causal agent of potato blackleg inducing seed-piece decay and stem rot in field. Average incidence of blackleg was found to be 0.62% in Bolu, 1.27 % in Nevşehir and 1.19$in Niğde provinces while its prevalance was 22.79, 43.3 and 38.3 % respectively. According to data from storage surveys performed in commercial stores in Bolu and natural stores in Nevşehir-110 and Niğde, the percentage of tuber decay caused by E.caiotovora was determined to be 0.49,1.25 and 0.77 % an an average although the level of contamination of tubers with Eca or Ecc averaged 3.99, 8.97 and 5.37|respectively. Between 1988-1990, imported seed potato tubers were tested by tuber incubation method at 22 C for the presence of soft rot erwinias. The infestation of tubers with E.caro- tovora ranged from 2.5 % to 16 % varying potato cvs and the bulk of tubers. However, it was seen that some potato cvs particularly Ilona and Granola were heavily contaminated with Eca or Ecc. Experiments carried out in four seed potato growing fields in Nevşehir indicated that seed tubers harvested from parent plants with or without blackleg symptoms were also contaminated with E.carotovora. However, a greater percentage of tubers from symptomatic parent plants was infested with e. carotovora than of tubers from symptcmpless parent plants. Pectate enrichment medium was used to isolate soft- rot erwinias from soil, surface and underground waters and the rhizosphere of potato plants. 'Erwinia spp. could not be detected in soil samples taken from 32 fields in Bolu, Nevşehir ani Niğde. Water samples were collected monthly from the Gölköy lake and Çepni stream in Bolu between February 1989 and January 1990. Ecc were detected in the Gölköy lake only three times but it was consistently present in water collected from the Çepni stream. No Erwinia bacteria were isolated from underground water samples in Nevşehir and Niğde. Of 119 Erwinia cultures isolated from various sources, 68 were identified as Ecc, the remaining strains were Eca Echr was not detected. All strains except one isolated from infected stem were found to be pathogenic on potato plants and the severity of stem decay for all strains varied between 6 % and 87 %.Ill KAYNAKLAR ALLAN, E., and A.KELMAN, 1977. Immunof luorescent stain procedures for detection and identification of Erwinia carotovora var. atroceptica. Phytopathology, §7: 1305-1312. ANONYMOUS, 19 76. Tohumluk Kontrol ve Sertif ikasyonu Hakkın da Talimat. A. ü. Basımevi, Ankara. 237 S. ANONYMOUS, 1985. V.Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Döneminde Sektörel Gelişmeler, DPT Yayın No: 19 75, Başbakanlık Basımevi, Ankara, 264 S. AYERS S.H., P. RUPP, and N.T. JOHNSON, 1919. A study of the alkali -forming bacteria in milk. U.S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 782. BARTZ, J. A., and A.KELMAN, 1984. Inoculotion of potato tubers with Erwinia carotovora during simulated commercial washing and fluming practices. Am. Potato J. 61: 49 5- 507. BAYKAL, N., und Y.E. ÖKTEM, 19 78. Untersuchungen über isolation des erregers der schwarzbeinigkeit (Erwinia atroseptica van Hall.) der kartoffeln oiochemischen und serolopischen eigenschaften. J. Turkish Phytopath. 7: 83-90. BENLİOĞLU K., Y.E. ÖKTEM and M. ÖZAKMAN, 1991. Bacterial diseases of potatoes in the major potato-growing areas in Turkey-Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin, 21:6 7-72. BERAHA, L., 1968. A rapid method for the preparation of a semi-solid agar medium for detection of pectolitic enzyme activity in Erwinia carotovora. Plant Dis. Reptr. 52: 16 7.
10 9 SUMMARY Bolu, Nevgehir and Niğde provinces, which supplie nearly 45% of our total potato production are also the main seed potato growing areas of Turkey. This study was undertaken to investigate the presence and prevalance of soft rot erwinias and their sources of primary inoculum in above mentioned areas. With this aim, field and storage surveys were carried out between 1989 and 1990, and seed tubers, soil, rhizosphere of potato plants, surface and underground waters were searched for the presence of soft rot erwinias. A selective medium crystal violet pectate (CVP) were used to isolate Erwinia spp. Furthermore, enrichment techniques were used for the detection of latent infection in potato tubers and of low numbers of the bacteria in soil, water and rhizosphere. All erwinia isolates were identified with a modified rapid method based on their temperature tolerances, sensitivity to erythromycin and utilization of a-methylglucoside on agar plate. For additional confirmation, 9 biochemical tests were applied to distinguish soft rot erwinia strains isolated from different sources, pathogenicity and virulence of all charecterized isolates were evaluated by inoculation of potato plants (cv. Granola). It was determined that both Eca, and Ecc were the causal agent of potato blackleg inducing seed-piece decay and stem rot in field. Average incidence of blackleg was found to be 0.62% in Bolu, 1.27 % in Nevşehir and 1.19$in Niğde provinces while its prevalance was 22.79, 43.3 and 38.3 % respectively. According to data from storage surveys performed in commercial stores in Bolu and natural stores in Nevşehir-110 and Niğde, the percentage of tuber decay caused by E.caiotovora was determined to be 0.49,1.25 and 0.77 % an an average although the level of contamination of tubers with Eca or Ecc averaged 3.99, 8.97 and 5.37|respectively. Between 1988-1990, imported seed potato tubers were tested by tuber incubation method at 22 C for the presence of soft rot erwinias. The infestation of tubers with E.caro- tovora ranged from 2.5 % to 16 % varying potato cvs and the bulk of tubers. However, it was seen that some potato cvs particularly Ilona and Granola were heavily contaminated with Eca or Ecc. Experiments carried out in four seed potato growing fields in Nevşehir indicated that seed tubers harvested from parent plants with or without blackleg symptoms were also contaminated with E.carotovora. However, a greater percentage of tubers from symptomatic parent plants was infested with e. carotovora than of tubers from symptcmpless parent plants. Pectate enrichment medium was used to isolate soft- rot erwinias from soil, surface and underground waters and the rhizosphere of potato plants. 'Erwinia spp. could not be detected in soil samples taken from 32 fields in Bolu, Nevşehir ani Niğde. Water samples were collected monthly from the Gölköy lake and Çepni stream in Bolu between February 1989 and January 1990. Ecc were detected in the Gölköy lake only three times but it was consistently present in water collected from the Çepni stream. No Erwinia bacteria were isolated from underground water samples in Nevşehir and Niğde. Of 119 Erwinia cultures isolated from various sources, 68 were identified as Ecc, the remaining strains were Eca Echr was not detected. All strains except one isolated from infected stem were found to be pathogenic on potato plants and the severity of stem decay for all strains varied between 6 % and 87 %.Ill KAYNAKLAR ALLAN, E., and A.KELMAN, 1977. Immunof luorescent stain procedures for detection and identification of Erwinia carotovora var. atroceptica. Phytopathology, §7: 1305-1312. ANONYMOUS, 19 76. Tohumluk Kontrol ve Sertif ikasyonu Hakkın da Talimat. A. ü. Basımevi, Ankara. 237 S. ANONYMOUS, 1985. V.Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Döneminde Sektörel Gelişmeler, DPT Yayın No: 19 75, Başbakanlık Basımevi, Ankara, 264 S. AYERS S.H., P. RUPP, and N.T. JOHNSON, 1919. A study of the alkali -forming bacteria in milk. U.S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 782. BARTZ, J. A., and A.KELMAN, 1984. Inoculotion of potato tubers with Erwinia carotovora during simulated commercial washing and fluming practices. Am. Potato J. 61: 49 5- 507. BAYKAL, N., und Y.E. ÖKTEM, 19 78. Untersuchungen über isolation des erregers der schwarzbeinigkeit (Erwinia atroseptica van Hall.) der kartoffeln oiochemischen und serolopischen eigenschaften. J. Turkish Phytopath. 7: 83-90. BENLİOĞLU K., Y.E. ÖKTEM and M. ÖZAKMAN, 1991. Bacterial diseases of potatoes in the major potato-growing areas in Turkey-Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin, 21:6 7-72. BERAHA, L., 1968. A rapid method for the preparation of a semi-solid agar medium for detection of pectolitic enzyme activity in Erwinia carotovora. Plant Dis. Reptr. 52: 16 7.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Ziraat, Agriculture, Bolu, Bolu, Erwinia, Erwinia, Nevşehir, Nevşehir, Niğde, Niğde, Patates, Potato
