Pamuk liflerini katyonize ederek boyanma özelliklerinin incelenmesi
Küçük Resim Yok
Tarih
1994
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
Dergi ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Ege Üniversitesi
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Pamuk, tekstilde en çok kullanılan liflerden birisidir. Bu lif üzerinde yapılan araştırmalar her zaman güncelliğini korumaktadır. Pamuk boyacılığı da bu araştırmalar içerisinde önemli bir yer tutumaktadır. Son 30 yıldır, pamuk liflerinin boyanabilirliğini artırmak amacıyla, iyonik modifikasyon üzerinde çalışılmaktadır. Bu çalışmalar gittikçe artmış, iyonik olarak modifiye edilmiş liflerin ticari anlamda üretimine başlanmıştır. Pamuk liflerine yapılan iyonik modifikasyonun esası, sulu ortamda anyonik olan yükleri katyonik hale çevirmektir. Böylece pamuk liflerinin boyanmasında önemli bir payı olan anyonik boyarmaddeler ile lifler arasındaki çekim kuvvetleri artmaktadır, daha koyu renkte boyamalar elde edilmektedir. Katyonikleştirilmiş pamuk, sadece konvensiyonel boyama teknikleriyle değil, aynı zamanda konvensiyonel olmayan boyama teknikleri ile de koyu renkte boyanabilmek- tedir. Bu çalışmada, katyonik pamuk eldesi için çeşitli kimyasal maddeler ve aplikasyon metodları denenmiştir. Bu katyonikleştirme maddeleri ve aplikasyon yöntemleri şunlardır: 1.Çektirme yönteminde p-toluen sülfoklorür (tosyl klorür) kullanılmıştır. / 2.Emdirme-kurutma-kondenzasyon yönteminde Choline klorür ve trietanolaminin hidroklorür asit ile reaksiyona girerek verdiği aminhidroklorür kullanılmıştır.212 3. Plazma cihazı içinde aşılama yönteminde etilen diamin, trietilen tetramin, etanolamain, trietanolamin kullanılmıştır. Katyonikleşme işlemine tabi tutulan kumaşlar bazı anyonik boyarmaddeler ile boyanmışlardır. Boyanmış kumaşların renkleri buruşmazlık dereceleri ve bazı haslıkları ölçülmüştür. p-toluen sülfoklorür kullanılarak yapılan denemelerde, bu maddenin suda çözünürlüğünün olmayışı, piridinde çözünüp çalışılması, dezavantajlı bir durum yaratmıştır. Bu olumsuz koşulu gidermek için, p-toluen sülfoklorür az miktarda piridinde çözünüp, geri kalan flotte su ile tamamlanmıştır, fakat katyonikleştirme gerçekleşmemiştir, p-toluen sülfoklorür alkolde çözünüp işlem yapıldığında da katyonikleştirme etkisi görülmemiştir. Choline klorür ile birlikte köprü bağı oluşturucu madde olarak 4 ayrı buruşmazlık apre maddesi kullanılmıştır. Katyonikleştirici madde ve apre maddeleri çeşitli konsantrasyonlarda kumaşla işleme sokularak etkileri gözlenmiştir. Her serideki işlem görmüş kumaşlar ile işlem görmemiş kumaş aynı banyoda substantif veya reaktif boyarmadde ile boyanarak, katyonikleşme etkisinin gözlenmesi yanında differential-dyeing yöntemine uygunluk da araştırılmıştır. Bu boyamaların renk ölçümleri ise katyonikleşmenin olduğuna dair olumlu sonuçlar vermişlerdir. Choline klorür veya kullanılan buruşmazlık apre maddesinin konsantrasyonları arttıkça, renkler koyulaşmıştır. Farklı konsantrasyonlardaki maddeler ile işlem görmüş kumaşların aynı banyoda boyanmasından sonra, farklı renkler elde edilmesi, differential-dyeing213 yöntemine uygun sonuçlar alındığını göstermiştir. Bazı haslıklar işlem görmüş kumaşlarda biraz düşük çıkmış ancak buruşmazlık derecesi işlem görmüş kumaşlarda genellikle daha yüksek değerler vermiştir. Trietanolamin, denemelerde hidroklorik asit ile işleme sokulup aminhidroklorür tuzu şeklinde kullanılmıştır. Bu madde ile de 4 ayrı buruşmazlık apre maddesi denenmiştir. Hem konsantrasyon değişimi, hem de pH etkisini incelemek için çeşitli denemeler yapılmıştır. Her serideki işlem görmüş kumaş.lar ile işlem görmemiş kumaş, aynı veya ayrı banyolarda, substantif, reaktif veya asit boyarmaddeleri ile boyanmışlardır. Aminhidroklorür ile köprü bağı oluşturucu madde olarak Fixapret CPN'in kullanıldığı bazı denemelerde substantif boyarmadde ile boyamalar sonucu bazı değişik özellikler incelenmiştir. ±şlem görmüş ve işlem görmemiş kumaşların ayrı banyolarda yapılan boyamalar sonucu kalan boya banyolarının renklerine bakılmıştır. İşlem görmüş kumaştan kalan boya banyosunun renginin çok açık, işlem görmemiş kumaştan kalan boya banyosunun renginin ise koyu olduğu gözlenmiştir. Boyama süresinin, boya banyosunun pH'ının ve boyarmadde büyüklüğünün boya alım hızlarına etkilerini incelemek için yapılan denemeler sonucu pH'ın etkili bir faktör olduğu bulunmuştur. Değişik buruşmazlık apre maddeleri ile aminhidroklo- rürün katyonikleştirme işlemlerinde kullanıldığı denemelerden sonra yapılan boyamalarda, kimyasal maddelerin konsantrasyonu azaldıkça K/S değerleri de azalmıştır, hatta bazı durumlarda işlem görmemiş kumaşın K/S değerinin bile altına inmiştir. En belirgin katyonikleşme etkileri substantif boyarmadde ile alınmıştır. Reaktif boyarmadde ile yapılan boyamalarda K/S214 değerleri arasındaki fark bu kadar belirgin değildir. Normalde pamuk lifini boyamayan asit boyarmaddesi ise katyonikleşmiş pamuğu az da olsa boyamıştır, ancak yıkama haslığı değerleri düşüktür. Aynı banyo içinde yapılan boyamalarda elde edilen farklı K/S değerleri differential-dyeing yöntemine uygunluğu göstermektedir. Substantif ve reaktif boyarmaddeler ile yapılan boyamalarda haslıklar ve buruşmazlık dereceleri açısından işlem görmüş ve görmemiş kumaşlar arasında önemli farklılıklar görülmemiştir. Farklı pH'larda, substantif boyarmadde ile yapılan boyamalar sonucu, her buruşmazlık apre maddesi için uygun çalışma pH değerleri değerleri saptanmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu pH değeri seçimi, K/S değerleri arasındaki farklılıklar ve differential- dyeing yöntemine uygunluk durumu göz önünde bulundurularak yapılmıştır. Plazma cihazı içinde aşılama yönteminde, trietilen tetramin, etanolamin ve trietanolamin monomer olarak kullanılmışlar ve olumlu sonuç vermemişlerdir. Bitilen diamin monomer olarak kullanıldığında ise aşılama işleminden sonra yapılan boyamalarda, bazı deney şartlarında işlem görmüş kumaş, boya banyosunda en koyu renkli kumaş olma özelliği göstermiştir. Ancak substantif boyarmadde ile yapılan boyamalarda boyama süresi arttıkça ve temperatür yükseldikçe ve reaktif boyarmadde kullanılarak yapılan boyamalarda, boyama süresi ilerledikçe, bu koyu renkli olma özelliği kaybolmuştur. Bu nedenle, bu değişkenler düşük tutularak ve tuz eklenerek boyamalar yapılmış, az da olsa farklı K/S değerleri görülmüştür, fakat bu durumda da haslıklar düşük çıkmıştır.215 Plazma yöntemi ile aşılamanın mekanizmasının tam olarak bilinmemesi, bu çalışmada dezavantajlı olmuştur, çünkü katyonikleşmenin gerçekleşmesi beklenen durumlarda tam aksine sonuçlar alınmıştır. Bu konuda çalışmalara devam edilmesi gerekmektedir
Cottonis öne of the most used fibers in textile. The researchesöver this fiber always save their popularity. Dyeing ofcotton take an important place among these researches. For the last thirty years, it has been workedöver ionic modification in order to enhance the dyeabilityof cotton fibers. These works increased lately andthe commercial production of ionic modified fibers began. The base of ionic modification of cotton fibers is to change the charges which are anionic in agueous medium into cationic. By this vay, the attraction forces betveen anionic dyestuffs which have an important share in cotton dyeing and the fibers increase, the more deeply dyed fibers can be göt. Cationized cotton can not only be deep dyed, by conventional methods but also can be dyed by non- conventional methods. in this work, various chemical agents and application methods are experienced to get cationic cotton These cationization agents and application methods are: l.p-toluene sulfonyl chloride was used in exhaustion method. 2. Choline chloride and aminehydrochloride which was formed by the reaction of triethanolamine and hydrochloric acid were used in pad-dry-cure method.217 S.Ethylenediamine, triethylene tetramine, ethanolamine and triethanolamine were used in grafting by the plasma method. Cationized fabrics were dyedby some anionic dyestuffs. The color strength values,wrinkle resistance and some fastness values of thesedyed fabrîcs were measured. in the experiments by using- p-toluenesulfonyl chloride, a disadvantegeous condition was happened because this chemical agent wasn't soluble in water, but in pyridine so it was worked in pyridine. in order to eliminate this negative position, p-toluenesulfonyl chloride was dissolved in a little guantity of pyridine and water was added to complete the total amount of bath.but cationization wasn't performed. p- toluenesulfonyl chloride was dissolved in alcohol and the fabric was treated with this solution, but by this way cationization effect wasn't seen either. Four different chemical agents were used as croslinking agents with choline chloride. Cationization agents and crosslinking agents in different concentrations were reacted by the fabric and the effects of them were observed. Treated fabrics and non-treated fabric of every experiment series were dyed in the same bath by direct ör reactive dyestuff. The cationization effect and accordance with differential-dyeing method vere investigated. The color measurements of these dyeings gave pozitive results which showed the cationization was performed. The colors became deeper as the concentrations of choline chloride and crosslinking agents increased. Different colors were obtained after dyeing the fabrics218 treated by the agents in different concentrations. So that the results were in accordance with the differential- dyeing method. Some fastness values were lower in treated fabrics but wrinkle resistance values were higher in treated fabrics. Triethanolamine was reacted with hydrochloric acid and by this way aminehydrochloride salt was obtained and this salt was used in the experiments. Pour different cross-linking agents were experienced. Various experiments were made in order to observe the effects of concentration change and pH value. Treated and non-treated fabrics of every series were dyed in the some or different baths by direct, reactive or acid dyestuffs. After the dyeing of some fabrics treated by aminehydrochloride and Fixapret CPN by direct dyestuffs, different properties were examined. The colors of the dyebaths remaining from the dyeings of the treated and non-treated fabrics were measured. The color of the dyebath remaining from the treated fabric was very light, but the color of the dyebath remaining fron the non- treated fabric was dark. As the result of the experiments made for determining the effects of dyeing period, pH of the dyebath and the size of the dyestuff over the speed of dyeuptake, it was found that pH was an effective factor. As the concentrations of aminehydrochloride and crosslinking agents decreased, the K/S values of the dyeings made after cationization treatments decreased, too. In some cases, the K/S values decreased below the K/S value of non-treated fabric. The most prominent cationization effects were obtained by the direct dyestuff. In the dyeings made by the reactive dyestuff, the difference between K/S values weren't so definite.219 Normally, the acid dyestuff doesn't dye the cotton fiber but, it dyed the cationized cotton, but in an unsatisfacto rily manner, and the washing fastness values were too lower. The K/S values held from the dyeings in the same bath showed the accordance to the differential-dyeing method. In the dyeings of direct and reactive dyestuff s, important differences weren't seen between treated and non-treated fabrics in respect of fastness and wrinkle resistance values. in different pH values, as the results of the dyeings with the direct dyestuff, convenient pH values for every crosslinking agent were tried to be determined. The choice of this pH value was made by considering the differences between K/S values and convenience to differential-dyeing method. In the grafting by plasma method, triethylene tetramine, ethanolamine and triethanolamine didn't give positive results. After grafting with ethylenediamine, the treated fabric had the deepest color in the dyebath in some instances. As the duration of dyeing increased and temperature rised in direct dyeing, and duration of dyeing increased in reactive dyeing, this property was lost. For this reason, some dyeings were performed in lower duration and lower temperature and by adding salt, some different K/S values were seen, but the fastnesses were low, then. The mechanism of plasma method can not be known completely, so this was disadvantageous in this work because the opposite results were obtained in the conditions in which the cationization was expected. The works over this subject must be continued.
Cottonis öne of the most used fibers in textile. The researchesöver this fiber always save their popularity. Dyeing ofcotton take an important place among these researches. For the last thirty years, it has been workedöver ionic modification in order to enhance the dyeabilityof cotton fibers. These works increased lately andthe commercial production of ionic modified fibers began. The base of ionic modification of cotton fibers is to change the charges which are anionic in agueous medium into cationic. By this vay, the attraction forces betveen anionic dyestuffs which have an important share in cotton dyeing and the fibers increase, the more deeply dyed fibers can be göt. Cationized cotton can not only be deep dyed, by conventional methods but also can be dyed by non- conventional methods. in this work, various chemical agents and application methods are experienced to get cationic cotton These cationization agents and application methods are: l.p-toluene sulfonyl chloride was used in exhaustion method. 2. Choline chloride and aminehydrochloride which was formed by the reaction of triethanolamine and hydrochloric acid were used in pad-dry-cure method.217 S.Ethylenediamine, triethylene tetramine, ethanolamine and triethanolamine were used in grafting by the plasma method. Cationized fabrics were dyedby some anionic dyestuffs. The color strength values,wrinkle resistance and some fastness values of thesedyed fabrîcs were measured. in the experiments by using- p-toluenesulfonyl chloride, a disadvantegeous condition was happened because this chemical agent wasn't soluble in water, but in pyridine so it was worked in pyridine. in order to eliminate this negative position, p-toluenesulfonyl chloride was dissolved in a little guantity of pyridine and water was added to complete the total amount of bath.but cationization wasn't performed. p- toluenesulfonyl chloride was dissolved in alcohol and the fabric was treated with this solution, but by this way cationization effect wasn't seen either. Four different chemical agents were used as croslinking agents with choline chloride. Cationization agents and crosslinking agents in different concentrations were reacted by the fabric and the effects of them were observed. Treated fabrics and non-treated fabric of every experiment series were dyed in the same bath by direct ör reactive dyestuff. The cationization effect and accordance with differential-dyeing method vere investigated. The color measurements of these dyeings gave pozitive results which showed the cationization was performed. The colors became deeper as the concentrations of choline chloride and crosslinking agents increased. Different colors were obtained after dyeing the fabrics218 treated by the agents in different concentrations. So that the results were in accordance with the differential- dyeing method. Some fastness values were lower in treated fabrics but wrinkle resistance values were higher in treated fabrics. Triethanolamine was reacted with hydrochloric acid and by this way aminehydrochloride salt was obtained and this salt was used in the experiments. Pour different cross-linking agents were experienced. Various experiments were made in order to observe the effects of concentration change and pH value. Treated and non-treated fabrics of every series were dyed in the some or different baths by direct, reactive or acid dyestuffs. After the dyeing of some fabrics treated by aminehydrochloride and Fixapret CPN by direct dyestuffs, different properties were examined. The colors of the dyebaths remaining from the dyeings of the treated and non-treated fabrics were measured. The color of the dyebath remaining from the treated fabric was very light, but the color of the dyebath remaining fron the non- treated fabric was dark. As the result of the experiments made for determining the effects of dyeing period, pH of the dyebath and the size of the dyestuff over the speed of dyeuptake, it was found that pH was an effective factor. As the concentrations of aminehydrochloride and crosslinking agents decreased, the K/S values of the dyeings made after cationization treatments decreased, too. In some cases, the K/S values decreased below the K/S value of non-treated fabric. The most prominent cationization effects were obtained by the direct dyestuff. In the dyeings made by the reactive dyestuff, the difference between K/S values weren't so definite.219 Normally, the acid dyestuff doesn't dye the cotton fiber but, it dyed the cationized cotton, but in an unsatisfacto rily manner, and the washing fastness values were too lower. The K/S values held from the dyeings in the same bath showed the accordance to the differential-dyeing method. In the dyeings of direct and reactive dyestuff s, important differences weren't seen between treated and non-treated fabrics in respect of fastness and wrinkle resistance values. in different pH values, as the results of the dyeings with the direct dyestuff, convenient pH values for every crosslinking agent were tried to be determined. The choice of this pH value was made by considering the differences between K/S values and convenience to differential-dyeing method. In the grafting by plasma method, triethylene tetramine, ethanolamine and triethanolamine didn't give positive results. After grafting with ethylenediamine, the treated fabric had the deepest color in the dyebath in some instances. As the duration of dyeing increased and temperature rised in direct dyeing, and duration of dyeing increased in reactive dyeing, this property was lost. For this reason, some dyeings were performed in lower duration and lower temperature and by adding salt, some different K/S values were seen, but the fastnesses were low, then. The mechanism of plasma method can not be known completely, so this was disadvantageous in this work because the opposite results were obtained in the conditions in which the cationization was expected. The works over this subject must be continued.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Tekstil ve Tekstil Mühendisliği, Textile and Textile Engineering, Boyama, Dyeing, Katyonlar, Cations, Pamuk, Cotton
