Koruma sorumluluğunun norm evriminde norm girişimcilerin rolü
Küçük Resim Yok
Tarih
2022
Yazarlar
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Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Ege Üniversitesi
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Uluslararası sistemin parçası olan aktörlerin davranışlarında normların rolü arttıkça, normların evrimlerinin önemi de artmaktadır. Evrim sürecinde normatif çevre ve norm alıcıların öneminin yanı sıra, norm girişimcilerin payları da devletler ya da bireyler olarak gösterilmelidir. Bireylerin norm girişimci olarak rolünü araştırma amacı ile yola çıkan bu tez çalışması, normun evrimini de girişimcilerini de iyi ya da kötü olarak ayırmadan ele alan eleştirel sosyal inşacı bakış açısına sahiptir. Teorik açıdan, norm girişimcilerin normatif değişimlere etkisini göstermeyi amaçlayan tez çalışması; ampirik açıdan ise Koruma Sorumluluğunun evriminin izini sürerek norm girişimcilerin bu süreçteki rolünü ortaya koymayı amaçlamıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda teorik olarak norm girişimcilerin karşısında konumlandırılan normu reddedenler ya da karşıt girişimcilerin normun üzerindeki etkisinin nasıl olduğu sorusu sorulmuştur. Çalışma boyunca ampirik olarak egemenlik normları ile aynı normatif çevrede var olmalarının Koruma Sorumluluğu için ne kadar tehdit oluşturduğu ve Batılı olmayan Brezilya ve Rusya'dan aktörlerin norm girişimciliğinin norma etkisi tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Çalışmanın temel varsayımı, Koruma Sorumluluğunda norm girişimci ve karşıt girişimcisinin karşılıklı söylemlerinin, normun evrimindeki etkin rolünün normatif değişimlerde bireyin rolünü arttırdığını gösterdiğidir. Bunun yanı sıra çalışmanın sağlamayı amaçladığı alt varsayım da, norm girişimcilerin kutupsal karşıtı olarak tanımlanan karşıt girişimcilerin, rekabetçi girişimci veya yaratıcı direnişçi fark etmeksizin, norm evriminin doğası gereği ihtilaflı olması ve norm dolaşımında geribildirimlerin yer alması nedeniyle, norma engel olmak yerine onun evriminde önemli rol oynadığıdır. Bu doktora çalışması, eleştirel sosyal inşacı bakış açısından Koruma Sorumluluğunun norm evrimini, ihtilaflı norm dolaşımı analiz çerçevesinde takip etmiştir. Koruma Sorumluluğunun ihtilaflı kaynakları ve bağlamlarını ele aldıktan sonra, ihtilaflı norm girişimcileri, Batılı olmayan, üç farklı tip norm girişimci üzerinden incelemiştir. Birleşmiş Milletler (BM) eski Genel Sekreteri Kofi Annan, Brezilya eski Dışişleri Bakanı Antonio de Aguiar Patriota ve Rusya Dış İşleri Bakanı Sergey Lavrov'un 1998-2018 yılları arasındaki resmi konuşmaları ve demeçleri, söylem-tarihsel eleştirel analiz ile Nvivo'da kodlar oluşturarak iki okumada incelenmiştir. Nvivo'da kod olarak oluşturulan temalardaki metinlerarasılığın ortaya çıkarılması için "Egemenlik, Koruma Sorumluluğunun karşısında mı konumlandırılmıştır?" ve "Koruma Sorumluluğu BM Şartı'na girebilir mi?" soruları sorulmuş ve girişimcilerin söylemlerinden çıkan cevaplar belirlenmiştir. Söylemlerin analizi ile Annan'ın incelenen 215 konuşmasında ortaya çıkan 74 kod, Lavrov'un incelenen 201 konuşmasında 83 kod ve Patriota'nın incelenen 65 konuşmasında 49 kod oluşturulmuş ve sorulara verilen cevaplar ortaya konmuştur. Koruma Sorumluluğunun egemenliğin karşısında olup olmadığına Annan'ın söylemleri karşıtlık yerine olumlu biraradalık, Lavrov'un söylemleri kesin karşıtlık ile cevap verirken; Patriota'nın söylemlerinde bu soruya cevap verebilecek bir ilişki bulunamamıştır. Normun BM Şartı'na girmesine dair Annan'ın söylemlerinin olumlu, Lavrov'un söylemlerinin olumsuz ve Patriota'nın söylemlerinin ise koruma öncelikli sorumluluğun (responsibility while protecting) dahil edilmesine bağlı koşul sunarak cevap verdiği görülmüştür. Genel olarak değerlendirildiğinde, Annan'ın söylemlerinde Koruma Sorumluluğunun sıklığı ve çokluğu, kendi norma adanmışlığını ortaya koyarken; Lavrov'un norma yalnızca devletinin eylemlerini meşrulaştırmak için bir kereye mahsus kullanması ancak sonrası bilinçli olarak atıfta bulunmaması norma ihtilafını göstermiştir. Patriota'nın söylemlerinde ise kullanımdaki anlamını değiştirerek normun evrimine katkı sunduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu tez çalışması ile Koruma Sorumluluğunun evriminde Annan, norm dinamikleri rol yelpazesindeki saf norm girişimci ve Lavrov da saf norm karşıt girişimci olarak belirlenirken; Patriota da yelpazede yer almayan yeni bir tip olarak arabulucu girişimci olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Sonuç olarak bu çalışma, farklı tip norm girişimcilerin ve norm ihtilafının Koruma Sorumluluğunun evrimine katkısı ortaya koymuştur
As the role of norms increases in the behaviour of actors who are part of the international system, the importance of the norm evolution also increases. In the norm evolution process, in addition to the normative environment and norm takers, the share of norm entrepreneurial actors should be shown in terms of individuals as well as states. The thesis study, which sets out to investigate the role of individuals as norm entrepreneurs, has a critical social constructivist perspective that deals with the norm evolution and norm entrepreneurs without distinguishing them as good or bad. Theoretically, the thesis study aimed to show the effect of norm entrepreneurs on normative changes; while empirically, it aimed to reveal the role of norm entrepreneurs in this process by tracing the norm evolution of Responsibility to Protect (R2P). For this purpose, from theoretical view, the study asked questions such as how norm rejecters or antipreneurs, who are positioned against norm entrepreneurs, affect the norm. Throughout the study, it has been tried to empricially determine how much a threat the coexistence of the R2P with sovereignty norms pose to the R2P and the effect of norm entrepreneurship of non-Western actors from Brazil and Russia on the norm. The main hypothesis of the study is that in Responsibility to Protect, the effective role of mutual discourses of the norm entrepreneurs and the norm antipreneurs in the norm evolution shows that the role of the individual in normative changes increases. In addition, the sub-hypothesis is that, norm antipreneurs, defined as polar opposites of norm entrepreneurs, regardless of competitive entrepreneurs or creative resisters, play an important role in the norm evolution rather than hindering it, since the norm evolution is contested in nature and norm circulation includes feedbacks. This thesis study has followed the norm evolution of Responsibility to Protect from a critical social constructivist perspective, within the framework of contested norm circulation. After adressing the contested sources and contexts of responsibility to protect, it is examined the contested norm entrepreneurs over three different types of non-Western norm entrepreneurs. The official speeches and statements of the United Nations (UN) former Secretary General Kofi Annan, former Brazilian Foreign Minister Antonio de Aguiar Patriota and Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov between 1998 and 2018 are examined with discourse historical critical analysis, on Nvivo by creating codes after double reading. In order to reveal the intertextuality in the themes created as codes in Nvivo, the questions of "Is sovereignty positioned against the Responsibility to Protect?" and " Can the Responsibility to Protect be under the UN Charter?" were posed and the answers emerged from the discourses were determined. With the analysis of the discourses, 74 codes from Annan's 215 speeches, 83 codes from Lavrov's 201 speeches and 49 codes from Patriota's 65 speeches emerged and were examined in terms of the answers to the posed questions. To the first question, while Annan's discourses responded with positive coexistence rather than opposition, Lavrov's discourses responded with strict opposition. On the other hand, no relation could be found in Patriota's discourses. It has been seen that Annan's discourses regarding the norm to become a part of the UN Charter were positive while Lavrov's discourses were negative. Patriota's discourses, on the other hand, responded with a condition that was to incude the responsibility while protecting (RwP). Generally, the frequency and multiplicity of the RtoP in Annan's discourses revealed his devotion to the norm. Meanwhile Lavrov's one time address to it only akin to legitimize his state's actions but consciously non referring to it afterwards has shown his contestation to the norm. Regardless, in Patriota's discourses, it was revealed that he contributed to the norm evolution by changing its meaning-in-use. This doctoral thesis found that in the evolution of the RtoP, Annan was determined as a pure norm entrepeneur and Lavrov as a pure norm antipreneur, both of which existed in the norm dynamics role spectrum. Moreover, Patriota has emerged as a new type that is not included in the spectrum, named a mediator norm entrepeneur. In conclusion, this study revealed the contribution of coxistence of different types of norm entrepreneurs and norm contestation in the evolution of the Responsibility to Protect.
As the role of norms increases in the behaviour of actors who are part of the international system, the importance of the norm evolution also increases. In the norm evolution process, in addition to the normative environment and norm takers, the share of norm entrepreneurial actors should be shown in terms of individuals as well as states. The thesis study, which sets out to investigate the role of individuals as norm entrepreneurs, has a critical social constructivist perspective that deals with the norm evolution and norm entrepreneurs without distinguishing them as good or bad. Theoretically, the thesis study aimed to show the effect of norm entrepreneurs on normative changes; while empirically, it aimed to reveal the role of norm entrepreneurs in this process by tracing the norm evolution of Responsibility to Protect (R2P). For this purpose, from theoretical view, the study asked questions such as how norm rejecters or antipreneurs, who are positioned against norm entrepreneurs, affect the norm. Throughout the study, it has been tried to empricially determine how much a threat the coexistence of the R2P with sovereignty norms pose to the R2P and the effect of norm entrepreneurship of non-Western actors from Brazil and Russia on the norm. The main hypothesis of the study is that in Responsibility to Protect, the effective role of mutual discourses of the norm entrepreneurs and the norm antipreneurs in the norm evolution shows that the role of the individual in normative changes increases. In addition, the sub-hypothesis is that, norm antipreneurs, defined as polar opposites of norm entrepreneurs, regardless of competitive entrepreneurs or creative resisters, play an important role in the norm evolution rather than hindering it, since the norm evolution is contested in nature and norm circulation includes feedbacks. This thesis study has followed the norm evolution of Responsibility to Protect from a critical social constructivist perspective, within the framework of contested norm circulation. After adressing the contested sources and contexts of responsibility to protect, it is examined the contested norm entrepreneurs over three different types of non-Western norm entrepreneurs. The official speeches and statements of the United Nations (UN) former Secretary General Kofi Annan, former Brazilian Foreign Minister Antonio de Aguiar Patriota and Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov between 1998 and 2018 are examined with discourse historical critical analysis, on Nvivo by creating codes after double reading. In order to reveal the intertextuality in the themes created as codes in Nvivo, the questions of "Is sovereignty positioned against the Responsibility to Protect?" and " Can the Responsibility to Protect be under the UN Charter?" were posed and the answers emerged from the discourses were determined. With the analysis of the discourses, 74 codes from Annan's 215 speeches, 83 codes from Lavrov's 201 speeches and 49 codes from Patriota's 65 speeches emerged and were examined in terms of the answers to the posed questions. To the first question, while Annan's discourses responded with positive coexistence rather than opposition, Lavrov's discourses responded with strict opposition. On the other hand, no relation could be found in Patriota's discourses. It has been seen that Annan's discourses regarding the norm to become a part of the UN Charter were positive while Lavrov's discourses were negative. Patriota's discourses, on the other hand, responded with a condition that was to incude the responsibility while protecting (RwP). Generally, the frequency and multiplicity of the RtoP in Annan's discourses revealed his devotion to the norm. Meanwhile Lavrov's one time address to it only akin to legitimize his state's actions but consciously non referring to it afterwards has shown his contestation to the norm. Regardless, in Patriota's discourses, it was revealed that he contributed to the norm evolution by changing its meaning-in-use. This doctoral thesis found that in the evolution of the RtoP, Annan was determined as a pure norm entrepeneur and Lavrov as a pure norm antipreneur, both of which existed in the norm dynamics role spectrum. Moreover, Patriota has emerged as a new type that is not included in the spectrum, named a mediator norm entrepeneur. In conclusion, this study revealed the contribution of coxistence of different types of norm entrepreneurs and norm contestation in the evolution of the Responsibility to Protect.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Uluslararası İlişkiler, International Relations
