İletişim fakültesi öğrencilerinin toplumsal cinsiyet rollerine yönelik tutumları ile kariyer kaygıları arasındaki ilişkinin değerlendirilmesi: Ege Üniversitesi örneği
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Tarih
2024
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Ege Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Cinsiyet (sex), bireyin dünyaya geldiği andan itibaren var olduğu biyolojik bir özelliği, yani kadın ya da erkek olmasını ifade etmektedir. Toplumsal cinsiyet ise, biyolojik özelliklere atfedilen ve toplumun kültürel açıdan tanımladığı rolleri kapsamaktadır. Bu nedenle toplumsal cinsiyet tolumun bireyden beklediği rolleri, değerleri ve yargıları ifade etmektedir. Bu beklentiler kapsamında cinsiyet rolleri beraberinde bazı kaygı türlerini de içinde barındırmaktadır. Kaygı, bireyde yaşamış olduğu deneyimler neticesinde, geleceğe yönelik olarak endişe, belirsizlik, korku ve alarm hissiyle olumsuz beklentileri kapsamaktadır. Bu beklentiler toplumsal cinsiyet rollerine yüklenilerek kariyer kaygısına neden olabilmekte ve kariyer gelişim sürecine etki edebilmektedir. Bu doktora tezinde, toplumda süregelen cinsiyet eşitsizliği, kadınlardan beklenilen toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri ile kariyer kaygısı arasındaki ilişkinin, kariyer gelişimlerinin başında olan iletişim fakültesi öğrencilerinin nezdinde değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Araştırmaya "Olasılıklı Olmayan Örnekleme Yöntemleri" içinde yer alan "Tipik Durum Örneklemesi" uygun görülmüştür. Yazıcıoğlu ve Erdoğan (2014)'ın örneklem büyüklüğü tablosu dikkate alınarak Ege Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Halkla İlişkiler ve Tanıtım, Gazetecilik, Reklam ve Radyo-Televizyon ve Sinema bölümleri (1 ve 4. sınıf) öğrencilerinden 171 kadın ve 180 erkek öğrenci olmak üzere toplam 351 kişi dahil oluşmuştur. Veri toplamak amacıyla nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden anket tekniği kullanılmıştır. Veri toplama araçları olarak Zeyneloğlu (2008) tarafından geliştirilen Toplumsal Cinsiyet Rolleri Tutum Ölçeği ve Kadir Özden ile Özlem Sertel-Berk (2017) tarafından geliştirilen Kariyer Stresi Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Verinin analizinde SPSS Windows 23.0 programı kullanılmıştır. Kullanılan ölçeklerin güvenirlikleri değerlendirilirken Cronbach alfa iç-tutarlık güvenirlik katsayısı kullanılmıştır. Toplumsal cinsiyet Rolleri Tutum Ölçeği'nin Kadın, Erkek ve Geleneksel alt boyutları üzerinden incelenen korelasyonlarda parametrik analiz yöntemi olan Pearson korelasyon analiz yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Eşitlikçi ve evlilik alt boyutları üzerinden incelenen korelasyonlarda parametrik olmayan analiz yöntemi Spearman rho korelasyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Kariyer Stresi alt boyut ve toplam puanlarının incelenmesinde t-testi ve tek yönlü varyans analizi (ANOVA) uygulanmıştır. Araştırmada cinsiyet dağılımına dikkat edilerek örnekleminin %48.7'si (f= 171) kadın ve %51,3'ü (f= 180) erkek katılımcıdan oluşturulmuştur. Elde edilen bulgularda, kadın toplumsal cinsiyet rolü, geleneksel toplumsal cinsiyet rolü ve eşitlikçi cinsiyet rolü tutumu arttıkça iş bulma baskısı ve kariyer stresinin de arttığı tespit edilmiştir (p> .05). Kadın, geleneksel, eşitlikçi ve evlilik toplumsal cinsiyet rolü tutumu ile kariyer belirsizliği-bilgi eksikliği dışsal çatışma ve kariyer stresi toplam puanı arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunamamıştır (p> .05). Erkek toplumsal cinsiyet rol tutumu ile kariyer stresinin toplam puanı arasında ve kariyer stresinşn herhangi bir alt boyutunda veya toplam puanı arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunamamıştır (p> .05). Kariyer stresi alt boyut ve toplam puanlarının kadın ve erkeklerde farklılaştığı ve kariyer belirsizliği-bilgi eksikliği, iş bulma baskısı, dışsal çatışma ve kariyer stresi toplam puanlarının düzeyi kadınlarda daha yüksek olarak belirlenmiştir (p> .05). İletişim fakültesinde okunulan 4 farklı bölüme göre Kariyer Stresi Ölçeği alt boyut ve toplam puanlarının farklılaşması incelendiğinde, kariyer belirsizliği-bilgi eksikliği puanları halkla ilişkilerde okuyan öğrencilerde anlamlı düzeyde daha yüksek çıkmıştır (p= .033). Dışsal çatışma puanları ve kariyer stresi toplam puanları da yine radyo-televizyon-sinema da okuyan öğrencilerde anlamlı düzeyde yüksek çıkmıştır (p= .016). Kariyer stresi alt boyutları puanlarının yaşa gruplarına göre farklılaşmasına bakıldığında, 201 yaş sonrası iş bulma baskısı düzeyi 20 yaş altına göre anlamlı düzeyde daha yüksektir ve aynı şekilde toplam kariyer stresi düzeyleri de 20 yaş öncesine göre anlamlı düzeyde daha yüksek olarak belirlenmiştir (p> .05). Toplumsal Cinsiyet Ölçeği'nin Kadın Erkek ve Geleneksel alt boyut puanlarında demografik değişkenlere göre herhangi bir farklılık tespit edilmemişken Toplumsal Cinsiyet Rolleri Tutum Ölçeği'nde anlamlı şekilde farklılaştığı görülmektedir. Buna göre, Kadınların kadın toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri tutumu puanları erkeklere göre anlamlı düzeyde daha yüksektir. Benzer şekilde kadınların erkek toplumsal cinsiyet rolü tutum puanları ve geleneksel toplumsal cinsiyet rolü tutum puanları da erkekelere göre anlamlı düzeyde daha yüksektir. İletişim fakültesinde okunulan 4 bölümde de bölümler arasında Toplumsal Cinsiyet Rol Tutumlarıanlamlı düzeyde farklılık göstermektedir. Buna göre, radyo-televizyon-sinemada okuyanların kadın, erkek ve geleneksel toplumsal cinsiyet rol tutumu puanları diğer bölümlerde okuyanlara kıyasla anlamlı düzeyde daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Toplumsal Cinsiyet Rolleri Tutum Ölçeği'ndeki Kadın Erkek ve Geleneksel alt boyutlarında sadece erkek toplumsal cinsiyet rolü tutum puanlarında 21 yaş sonrası yaş gruplarında anlamlı düzeyde farklılık görülmektedir (p> .05). Toplumsal cinsiyet Rolleri Tutum Ölçeği'nin Eşitlikçi ve Evlilik alt boyutlarında kadınların erkeklerden daha yüksek puan aldığı tespit edilmiştir. Eşitlikçi ve evlilik toplumsal cinsiyet rol tutumlarının bölüme göre farklılaşmasında, radyo-televizyon-sinema bölümü en yüksek değeri alırken en düşük değeri halkla ilişkiler bölümü almıştır. Yaşam yerine göre eşitlikçi toplumsal cinsiyet rol tutumu büyükşehirde yaşayanlarda anlamlı derecede daha yüksek puan almıştır (p> 0.5).
Gender (sex) refers to a biological characteristic that an individual has from the moment he or she is born, that is, whether he or she is male or female. Gender covers the roles attributed to biological characteristics and defined culturally by society. Therefore, gender expresses the roles, values and judgments that society expects from the individual. Within the scope of these expectations, gender roles also include some types of anxiety. Anxiety includes the feeling of worry, uncertainty, fear and alarm and negative expectations for the future as a result of the experiences the individual has had. These expectations can be attributed to gender roles, causing career anxiety and affecting the career development process. This doctoral thesis aims to evaluate the relationship between ongoing gender inequality in society, gender roles expected from women, and career anxiety among communication faculty students who are at the beginning of their career development. "Typical Case Sampling", which is among the "Non-Probability Sampling Methods", was deemed appropriate for the study. Considering the sample size table of Yazıcıoğlu and Erdoğan (2014), a total of 351 students, 171 female and 180 male, from the Ege University Faculty of Communication, Departments of Public Relations and Publicity, Journalism, Advertising and Radio-Television and Cinema (1st and 4th grade) were included. Survey technique, one of the quantitative research methods, was used to collect data. The Gender Roles Attitude Scale developed by Zeyneloğlu (2008) and the Career Stress Scale developed by Kadir Özden and Özlem Sertel-Berk (2017) were used as data collection tools. SPSS Windows 23.0 program was used in the analysis of the data. Cronbach alpha internal consistency reliability coefficient was used in the evaluation of the reliability of the scales used. In the correlations examined on the Female, Male and Traditional sub-dimensions of the Gender Roles Attitude Scale, the Pearson correlation analysis method, which is a parametric analysis method, was used. Nonparametric analysis method Spearman rho correlation analysis was used in the correlations examined on the egalitarian and marital sub-dimensions. T-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were applied in the examination of the Career Stress sub-dimension and total scores. In the study, attention was paid to gender distribution, and 48.7% (f= 171) of the sample was female and 51.3% (f= 180) were male participants. The findings revealed that as the female gender role, traditional gender role and egalitarian gender role attitudes increased, job search pressure and career stress also increased (p> .05). No significant relationship was found between female, traditional, egalitarian and marriage gender role attitudes and career uncertainty-lack of information, external conflict and career stress total scores (p> .05). No significant relationship was found between male gender role attitude and total score of career stress or any sub-dimension or total score of career stress (p> .05). It was determined that the career stress sub-dimension and total scores differed between men and women, and the levels of career uncertainty-lack of information, pressure to find a job, external conflict and career stress total scores were higher in women (p> .05). When the differences in the sub-dimensions and total scores of the Career Stress Scale were examined according to the 4 different departments studied in the Faculty of Communication, the career uncertainty-lack of information scores were significantly higher in students studying in the public relations department (p= .033). External conflict scores and career stress total scores were also significantly higher in students studying radio-television-cinema (p= .016). When the differences in career stress sub-dimensions scores are examined according to age groups, the level of pressure to find a job after the age of 201 is significantly higher than under the age of 20, and similarly, total career stress levels are significantly higher than before the age of 20 (p> .05). While no difference was found in the Female-Male and Traditional sub-dimension scores of the Gender Scale according to demographic variables, it was observed that there was a significant difference in the Gender Roles Attitude Scale. Accordingly, women's female gender role attitude scores are significantly higher than men. Similarly, women's male gender role attitude scores and traditional gender role attitude scores are also significantly higher than men. There are significant differences in Gender Role Attitudes among the four departments in the Faculty of Communication. Accordingly, the female, male and traditional gender role attitude scores of those studying in radio-television-cinema departments were found to be significantly higher than those studying in other departments. In the Female Male and Traditional sub-dimensions of the Gender Roles Attitude Scale, there is a significant difference only in the male gender role attitude scores in age groups after 21 years of age (p> .05). It was found that women scored higher than men in the Egalitarian and Marital sub-dimensions of the Gender Roles Attitude Scale. In the differentiation of egalitarian and marriage gender role attitudes by department, the radio-television-cinema department had the highest value, while the public relations department had the lowest value. According to place of residence, egalitarian gender role attitudes were scored significantly higher in those living in metropolitan cities (p> 0.5).
Gender (sex) refers to a biological characteristic that an individual has from the moment he or she is born, that is, whether he or she is male or female. Gender covers the roles attributed to biological characteristics and defined culturally by society. Therefore, gender expresses the roles, values and judgments that society expects from the individual. Within the scope of these expectations, gender roles also include some types of anxiety. Anxiety includes the feeling of worry, uncertainty, fear and alarm and negative expectations for the future as a result of the experiences the individual has had. These expectations can be attributed to gender roles, causing career anxiety and affecting the career development process. This doctoral thesis aims to evaluate the relationship between ongoing gender inequality in society, gender roles expected from women, and career anxiety among communication faculty students who are at the beginning of their career development. "Typical Case Sampling", which is among the "Non-Probability Sampling Methods", was deemed appropriate for the study. Considering the sample size table of Yazıcıoğlu and Erdoğan (2014), a total of 351 students, 171 female and 180 male, from the Ege University Faculty of Communication, Departments of Public Relations and Publicity, Journalism, Advertising and Radio-Television and Cinema (1st and 4th grade) were included. Survey technique, one of the quantitative research methods, was used to collect data. The Gender Roles Attitude Scale developed by Zeyneloğlu (2008) and the Career Stress Scale developed by Kadir Özden and Özlem Sertel-Berk (2017) were used as data collection tools. SPSS Windows 23.0 program was used in the analysis of the data. Cronbach alpha internal consistency reliability coefficient was used in the evaluation of the reliability of the scales used. In the correlations examined on the Female, Male and Traditional sub-dimensions of the Gender Roles Attitude Scale, the Pearson correlation analysis method, which is a parametric analysis method, was used. Nonparametric analysis method Spearman rho correlation analysis was used in the correlations examined on the egalitarian and marital sub-dimensions. T-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were applied in the examination of the Career Stress sub-dimension and total scores. In the study, attention was paid to gender distribution, and 48.7% (f= 171) of the sample was female and 51.3% (f= 180) were male participants. The findings revealed that as the female gender role, traditional gender role and egalitarian gender role attitudes increased, job search pressure and career stress also increased (p> .05). No significant relationship was found between female, traditional, egalitarian and marriage gender role attitudes and career uncertainty-lack of information, external conflict and career stress total scores (p> .05). No significant relationship was found between male gender role attitude and total score of career stress or any sub-dimension or total score of career stress (p> .05). It was determined that the career stress sub-dimension and total scores differed between men and women, and the levels of career uncertainty-lack of information, pressure to find a job, external conflict and career stress total scores were higher in women (p> .05). When the differences in the sub-dimensions and total scores of the Career Stress Scale were examined according to the 4 different departments studied in the Faculty of Communication, the career uncertainty-lack of information scores were significantly higher in students studying in the public relations department (p= .033). External conflict scores and career stress total scores were also significantly higher in students studying radio-television-cinema (p= .016). When the differences in career stress sub-dimensions scores are examined according to age groups, the level of pressure to find a job after the age of 201 is significantly higher than under the age of 20, and similarly, total career stress levels are significantly higher than before the age of 20 (p> .05). While no difference was found in the Female-Male and Traditional sub-dimension scores of the Gender Scale according to demographic variables, it was observed that there was a significant difference in the Gender Roles Attitude Scale. Accordingly, women's female gender role attitude scores are significantly higher than men. Similarly, women's male gender role attitude scores and traditional gender role attitude scores are also significantly higher than men. There are significant differences in Gender Role Attitudes among the four departments in the Faculty of Communication. Accordingly, the female, male and traditional gender role attitude scores of those studying in radio-television-cinema departments were found to be significantly higher than those studying in other departments. In the Female Male and Traditional sub-dimensions of the Gender Roles Attitude Scale, there is a significant difference only in the male gender role attitude scores in age groups after 21 years of age (p> .05). It was found that women scored higher than men in the Egalitarian and Marital sub-dimensions of the Gender Roles Attitude Scale. In the differentiation of egalitarian and marriage gender role attitudes by department, the radio-television-cinema department had the highest value, while the public relations department had the lowest value. According to place of residence, egalitarian gender role attitudes were scored significantly higher in those living in metropolitan cities (p> 0.5).
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri, toplumsal cinsiyet algısı, kariyer, kariyer kaygısı, nicel araştırma., Gender roles, gender perception, career, career anxiety, quantitative research.
