Orta Anadolu'da Erken Tunç Çağı'nda tahıl depolamanın ışığında ekonomik ve siyasi örgütlenme
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Dosyalar
Tarih
2020
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
Dergi ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Ege Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
"Orta Anadolu'da Erken Tunç Çağı'nda Tahıl Depolama'nın Işığında Ekonomik ve Siyasi Örgütlenme" başlıklı tez çalışmasında, Anadolu'da M.Ö. 3. binyılda, farklı sosyal örgütlenme modellerinin tahıl depolama sistemlerine yansımaları ve toplulukların sosyo-ekonomik ve siyasi organizasyonlarındaki değişim ve dönüşümlerle söz konusu sistemin işletilmesi arasındaki ilişkinin tanımı, boyutu ve niteliği ele alınmıştır. İncelediğimiz dönem için toplulukların sosyal ve iktisadi yaşamlarına ilişkin çıkarımlarda bulunmanın zorluğu bilinmektedir. Bu sebeple topluluklarda teknolojik, ekonomik ve siyasi örgütlenme bakımından büyük farklılıkların bulunmasının nedenleri farklı alanlardaki sayısal ve sosyal bilimcilerin aklını kurcalayan bir soru olmuş ve bu soruya pek çok farklı yanıt ve yaklaşım geliştirilmiştir. Söz konusu yaklaşımlar içerisinde; yerleşik toplumlarda yiyecek fazlasının biriktirilmesinin, toplumları ileri teknoloji ve merkezi bir siyasal örgütlenmeye götürdüğü yönündeki düşünce, bu çalışmadaki bakış açısının çerçevesini oluşturmaktadır. Artı ürünün depolanmasıyla başlayan ve birbirlerine zincirleme etki yaratan bu süreç, nihayetinde politik gelişmeleri de berberinde getirmiş olmalıdır. Düşüncemiz artı ürün elde etme ve depolama işlemini sistemli bir şekilde organize edebilen toplulukların beraberindeki gelişmelerle birlikte (ekonomik, teknolojik) başka topluluklar üzerinde hâkimiyet kurma eylemini gerçekleştirmiş ya da yeni bir sosyal-siyasal oluşum sürecine girmiş olabileceği yönündedir. Ancak depolamanın sistemli bir şekilde organize edilmesinin önünde bazı sorunlar vardır ve bu sorunlar aşılmadan tedarik sisteminin uzun süreli işletilmesi beklenemez. Bu noktada depolama sistemlerinin işletilmesinde karşılaşılabilecek sorunların tanımlaması amacıyla daha sağlam veriler ortaya koyan yerleşimlerdeki depolama tesisleri çeşitli yönleriyle (Depolama yöntemleri, yapım teknikleri ve tipolojik özellikler, izolasyon yöntemleri, topoğrafik- jeolojik özellikler, tahıl depolama ve sembolizm, sayısal veriler, kullanım amaçları ve değerlendirme) kapsamlı olarak incelenmiştir. Çalışmamızın çıkış noktasındaki temel sorulardan biri tahıl depolama sistemlerinin başarılı bir organizasyon çerçevesinde işletilmesinin toplulukların sosyo-ekonomik ve siyasi olarak değişim ve dönüşümlerine etkisinin ve farklı sosyal örgütlenme modellerinin tahıl depolama sistemlerine yansımalarının arkeolojik bulgular çerçevesinde tanımlanıp tanımlanamayacağıdır. Söz konusu sebeple Erken Tunç Çağı dışında, Orta Tunç ve Hitit Çağı'nda da Orta Anadolu'da anahtar yerleşimler ışığında tahıl depolama sistemleri genel hatlarıyla incelenmiş ve bu sistemlerin toplumsal gelişim süreçleriyle ilişkisi üzerine bazı sonuçlar ortaya konmuştur. Orta Anadolu'da toplulukların sosyo-ekonomik ve siyasi organizasyonları farklı bakış açıları üzerinden sınırlı sayıdaki çalışmaları içermektedir. Bu çalışma tahıl depolamanın ışığında sosyo-ekonomik ve siyasi organizasyon süreçlerini ele almakta ve bu yönüyle yeni bir bakış açısı geliştirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Yiyecek depolama genellikle toplulukların kötü bir hasat, ani iklim değişiklikleri ya da yakın çevrede meydana gelebilecek kuraklık ve bunun sonucu olarak kıtlık dönemleri gibi çevresel baskılar karşısında bir bakıma bir risk yönetim stratejisi ile ilişkili görülmektedir. Depolama sistemleri bu yönüyle de ele alınmakla birlikte, bu çalışmada söz konusu sistemin işletilmesi yalnızca bahsi geçen olumsuzluklarla ilişkili görülmemektedir. Yalnızca çevresel baskılara karşı bir risk yönetim stratejisi oluşturmaktan öte bu eylemin toplum açısından zincirleme gelişen pek çok etkisi mevcuttur. Bunlardan biri uzun yıllardır üzerinde tartışılan "uzmanlaşma" konusudur. Ayrıca söz konusu sistemin işletilmesinin ve boyutunun "ideolojik" bir yönü de bulunmaktadır ve konu sınırlı sayıdaki veri üzerinden bu yönüyle de tartışılmıştır. Yiyecek depolamanın basit bir eylemin ötesine geçip, sorgulandıkça toplumların gelişim süreçleriyle sıkı sıkıya ilişkili olan bir sistem içerisindeki rolünün anlaşılması bu anlamda önemli görülmektedir. Ancak kazılarda açığa çıkarılan depolama birimlerine yönelik ilginin azlığı bir yana, çoğu zaman kazı raporları ya da yayınlarda söz konusu birimlerin detayları hakkında bilgi bulunmamaktadır. Söz konusu sebeple bu çalışmada Orta Anadolu'da Erken Tunç Çağı'na tarihlenen daha sağlam veriler sunan yerleşimlerdeki depolama tesisleri kapsama alınmış; söz konusu tesisler yukarıda sıralanan yönleriyle değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca Resuloğlu kazılarında açığa çıkarılan depolama tesislerinin sayısal analizleriyle, ekonomik stratejilerin değerlendirilmesi yönünde, ilerideki çalışmalar için örnek bir model ortaya konmaya çalışılmış ve depolama tesislerine yönelik çalışmalarda değerlendirilmesi gereken ölçütlere dikkat çekilmiştir. Konunun özellikle "artı ürün" bağlamında uzmanlaşma ve toplumsal gelişim süreçleriyle alakalı kısmı dünyanın çeşitli yerlerinde sosyoloji, antropoloji, biyoloji, coğrafya gibi farklı bilim dallarının uzmanlarının sınırlı sayıdaki çalışmalarına konu olmuştur. Ancak konunun arkeolojik verilerle de teyit edilmesi gerekir ve bu çalışmada bu anlamda yeni bir bakış açısı ortaya konmuştur.
The reflections of the different models of social organization on the grain storage systems in the 3rd millennium BCE in Anatolia, and the definition, size and characteristic of the relation among the alteration and transformations of societies in socio-economic and political organization and the execution of the subject system, have been considered throughout the doctoral thesis study in the title of “Economical and Political Organization of Central Anatolia during the Early Bronze Age in the Light of the Grain Storage”. It has been known that it is difficult to make inferences about the social and economic lives of peoples for the period we have examined. Thus, the reasons of huge differences in societies in terms of technological, economic and political organization have remained as a question which prepossesses physical and social scientists in different fields, and many particular answers and approaches have been created for this question. Among the subject approaches, the opinion that keeping surplus of food in sedentary societies brought them to an advanced technological and central political organization, is forming the frames of the viewpoint in this study. This process started with the storage of surplus product and creating knock-on effect to each other, should have brought the political developments in the end. Our consideration is that societies who could systematically organize the obtainment and storage of surplus product, took the action of dominating other societies with the following improvements (economic, technological), or entered into a new socio-political process of formation. However, there are some obstacles for the systematical organization of storage, and it is not been expected that the supply system can be operated so long without overcoming these problems. At this point, the storage facilities at the settlements providing more reliable data, have been analyzed in detail within the scope of various aspects (storage methods, production techniques and typological characteristics, isolation methods, topographical- geological features, grain storage and symbolism, numerical data, purpose of use and conclusion) in order to define the problems that could be encountered during the operation of the storage systems. One of the main questions at the starting point of our study is whether the effect of the operation of the grain storage systems within the framework of a successful organization, on societies’ socio-economic and political changes and transformations and the reflections of the different social organization models on the grain storage systems can be defined within the scope of archaeological findings or not. For this reason, the grain storage systems have been also studied in general in consideration of the key settlements in the Middle Bronze Age and the Hittite Age, except the Early Bronze Age, and some results have been proved about the relation of these systems with the processes of social development. The socio-economic and political organizations of societies in Central Anatolia includes limited studies over different perspectives. This work focuses on the processes of socio-economic and political organization in consideration of the grain storage, and aims to construct a new point of view within this aspect. It has been seen that food storage is generally related to a risk management strategy of societies, in a sense, against environmental forces such as a bad harvest, sudden climate changes or a drought that might be occurred in vicinity, and periods of shortage as a result. Although the storage systems are considered with this aspect, operation of the subject system is not seen to be related only with the aforementioned negative conditions. But, beyond creating a risk tampon against the environmental factors, this action has many effects that consecutively develop, in terms of society. One of these is the subject of “specialization” on which have been studied for a long time. Moreover the operation and size of the subject system have an ideological aspect, and this has been discussed from this aspect with the help of limited information. As long as questioning, understanding the role of the food storage in a system which is strictly related to the improvement processes of societies beyond a simple action, is seen important in this sense. However, apart from the lack of concern for the storage units discovered during excavations, most of the time there are not any information about the details of these units in the excavation reports or publishing. For this reason, this study includes the storage facilities at the settlements in Central Anatolia dated to the Early Bronze Age and providing more reliable data, and the subject facilities have been reviewed from these aspects mentioned above. Additionally, it has been tried to improve an archetypical model for the following studies, within the numerical analysis of the storage facilities that have been discovered during the excavations of Resuloğlu, and the consideration of economical strategies. It has been also pointed out the standards which should be considered in the studies about the storage facilities. The part of the subject which is related to the processes of specialization and social development especially within the context of “surplus product”, has subjected to some limited works of specialists from different disciplines such as sociology, anthropology, biology and geography, in world’s various places. However the subject should be confirmed by archaeological data, and in this sense it has been revealed a new point of view throughout this study.
The reflections of the different models of social organization on the grain storage systems in the 3rd millennium BCE in Anatolia, and the definition, size and characteristic of the relation among the alteration and transformations of societies in socio-economic and political organization and the execution of the subject system, have been considered throughout the doctoral thesis study in the title of “Economical and Political Organization of Central Anatolia during the Early Bronze Age in the Light of the Grain Storage”. It has been known that it is difficult to make inferences about the social and economic lives of peoples for the period we have examined. Thus, the reasons of huge differences in societies in terms of technological, economic and political organization have remained as a question which prepossesses physical and social scientists in different fields, and many particular answers and approaches have been created for this question. Among the subject approaches, the opinion that keeping surplus of food in sedentary societies brought them to an advanced technological and central political organization, is forming the frames of the viewpoint in this study. This process started with the storage of surplus product and creating knock-on effect to each other, should have brought the political developments in the end. Our consideration is that societies who could systematically organize the obtainment and storage of surplus product, took the action of dominating other societies with the following improvements (economic, technological), or entered into a new socio-political process of formation. However, there are some obstacles for the systematical organization of storage, and it is not been expected that the supply system can be operated so long without overcoming these problems. At this point, the storage facilities at the settlements providing more reliable data, have been analyzed in detail within the scope of various aspects (storage methods, production techniques and typological characteristics, isolation methods, topographical- geological features, grain storage and symbolism, numerical data, purpose of use and conclusion) in order to define the problems that could be encountered during the operation of the storage systems. One of the main questions at the starting point of our study is whether the effect of the operation of the grain storage systems within the framework of a successful organization, on societies’ socio-economic and political changes and transformations and the reflections of the different social organization models on the grain storage systems can be defined within the scope of archaeological findings or not. For this reason, the grain storage systems have been also studied in general in consideration of the key settlements in the Middle Bronze Age and the Hittite Age, except the Early Bronze Age, and some results have been proved about the relation of these systems with the processes of social development. The socio-economic and political organizations of societies in Central Anatolia includes limited studies over different perspectives. This work focuses on the processes of socio-economic and political organization in consideration of the grain storage, and aims to construct a new point of view within this aspect. It has been seen that food storage is generally related to a risk management strategy of societies, in a sense, against environmental forces such as a bad harvest, sudden climate changes or a drought that might be occurred in vicinity, and periods of shortage as a result. Although the storage systems are considered with this aspect, operation of the subject system is not seen to be related only with the aforementioned negative conditions. But, beyond creating a risk tampon against the environmental factors, this action has many effects that consecutively develop, in terms of society. One of these is the subject of “specialization” on which have been studied for a long time. Moreover the operation and size of the subject system have an ideological aspect, and this has been discussed from this aspect with the help of limited information. As long as questioning, understanding the role of the food storage in a system which is strictly related to the improvement processes of societies beyond a simple action, is seen important in this sense. However, apart from the lack of concern for the storage units discovered during excavations, most of the time there are not any information about the details of these units in the excavation reports or publishing. For this reason, this study includes the storage facilities at the settlements in Central Anatolia dated to the Early Bronze Age and providing more reliable data, and the subject facilities have been reviewed from these aspects mentioned above. Additionally, it has been tried to improve an archetypical model for the following studies, within the numerical analysis of the storage facilities that have been discovered during the excavations of Resuloğlu, and the consideration of economical strategies. It has been also pointed out the standards which should be considered in the studies about the storage facilities. The part of the subject which is related to the processes of specialization and social development especially within the context of “surplus product”, has subjected to some limited works of specialists from different disciplines such as sociology, anthropology, biology and geography, in world’s various places. However the subject should be confirmed by archaeological data, and in this sense it has been revealed a new point of view throughout this study.
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