Çernolis kültürü bağlamında Doğu Avrupa'da erken Türk varlığı
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Dosyalar
Tarih
2021
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
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Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Ege Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Herodot'un vermiş olduğu malumatlara göre İskitler Kimmerleri takip ederek Ön-Asya'ya inmişler, o sahadaki maceralarından sonra ise günümüz Ukrayna topraklarına muhaceret etmişlerdir. İskit çağı klasik manada Herodot'un bahsettiği hikaye ve Ukrayna topraklarındaki demir çağının bitmesini müteakip zaman dilimi ile başlar. Fakat ana İskit topluluğunun Ukrayna topraklarına varmasından evvel başka bir iskit topluluğunun olduğunu gösteren bir arkeolojik kültür var. İskitlerin Ön-Asya seferinden Ukrayna coğrafyasına varması evvelinde Dinyeper ile Dinyester arasındaki sahada Çernolis arkeolojik kültürü mevcut idi. Bu arkeolojik kültürün kapsadığı alan kabaca Dinyeper ve Dinyester Irmakları arasındaki orman-bozkır kuşağını ve Dinyeper'in doğusuna düşen Vorskla Irmağı havzasını içerisine almaktadır. Zikri geçen arkeolojik kültür Ukrayna'nın sağ yakasında yani Dinyeper Irmağı'nın batısındaki saha içerisinde yerel ve de evvelki Belogrudov arkeolojik kültür temelinde inkişaf etmiş olup selefi Belogrudov kültürü ile Ukrayna orman-bozkır kültürüne geçişi yâni bir nevi bronz çağdan demir çağına geçişte ara basamağı oluşturan bir kültürü temsil etmektedir. Çernolis arkeolojik kültürü zamandizimsel olarak erken ve geç olmak üzere iki safhaya ayrılır. Bu safhalardan ilkini teşkil eden erken safha yaklaşık olarak M.Ö. 1050-900 yıllarına karşılık gelen ve Bronz çağının en son dönemlerini içeren bir zaman dilimini kapsar. Geç safha ise miladi 900-725 yıllarına tekabül etmektedir. Bu geç safhadan sonra ara geçiş dönemi olarak Zapotinskiy geçiş döneminin yaşandığı ve bu dönemi takiben de İskit çağına girildiği kabul edilmektedir. Zamandizimsel olarak Çernolis arkeolojik kültürün varlığı her ne kadar İskit arkeologların bize bildirdiği şekilde yani milattan önce XI. yüzyıldan İskitlerin gelişine kadarki zaman dilimini içine almış olsa da milattan önce V. yüzyılda İskitya'yı ziyaret etmiş Herodot'un Çiftçi İskitler'in yaşadığı yurt ile ilgili sunduğu bilgiler bu kültürün İskit döneminde bile varlığını sürdürdüğünü açıkça göstermektedir. Bu kazıbilimsel kültür Türklerin Hunların doğudan gelmesinden evvel Doğu Avrupa'daki varlığını kanıtlamaktadır. Öte yandan, doğudan gelen ana İskit topluluğunun Ön-Asya çıkartmasından günümüz Ukrayna topraklarına varışını takip eden dönemde komşu topluluklarla askeri, siyasi ve iktisadi ilişkiler tesis ettiler. Onlar yeni iktisadi gelirler elde etmek ve de mevcut iktisadi çıkarlarını korumak maksadıyla yüzyıllar boyunca batıdaki rakipleriyle mücadele ettiler. İskitler milattan önce 3. Yüzyılda doğudan Sarmat baskısı batıdan ise Kelt kavimlerinin tehditine karşı koymak için çaba sarf etseler de bu tehlikeleri göğüslemede başarılı olamadılar ve en sonunda İskit imparatorluğu çöktü. Geriye kalan İskitlerin bir kolu bugünkü Kırım yarımadasına göç ederken diğer kolu Tuna Irmağı'nı geçip günümüzdeki Dobruja bölgesine yerleşti. Kırım yarımadasını mesken tuttuktan sonra hayatta kalabilmek amacıyla komşu Grek şehir devletleri ile mücadele ettiler ancak gerek nüfustaki azalma gerek yeterli askeri gücün olmayışı İskitleri etraflarındaki düşman üzerinde mutlak galibiyet almalarını ve de varlıklarını devam ettirmelerini engelledi ve de İskitler diğer milletlerle karışıp zaman içerisinde tarih sahnesinden çekildiler.
According to the information given by Herodotus, Scythians followed the Cimmerians and landed in Asia Minor, after their adventures in the field, they immigrated to the territory of today's Ukraine. The Scythian age, in the classical sense, begins with the story Herodotus mentions and the time period after the end of the iron age in the Ukrainian territory. But before the main Scythian community reached the territory of Ukraine, there was an archaeological culture that showed that there was another Scythian community. Before the Scythians reached the geography of Ukraine from the Asia Minor expedition, the archaeological culture of Chernolis was present in the area between the Dnieper and Dniester Rivers. The area covered by this archaeological culture includes roughly the forest-steppe belt between the Dnieper and the Dniester Rivers and the Vorskla River basin to the east of the Dnieper. The mentioned archaeological culture developed on the basis of local and previous Belogrudovsky archaeological culture within the field on the right bank of Ukraine, that is to the west of the Dnieper River, with its predecessor Belogrudovskoy culture and the transition to the Ukrainian forest-steppe culture, in other words, it represents a culture that constitutes an intermediate step in the transition from bronze to iron age. The archeological culture of Chornolis is divided into two phases: late and early. The early phase, which constitutes the first of these phases, covers a period of time between the 1050-900 BC and the last periods of the Bronze Age. The late phase corresponds to 900-725 BC. After this late phase, it is accepted that the transitional period was followed by the Zapotinskiy transition period and the Scythian period was followed. Although the existence of the archaeological culture of Cernolis, as the Scythian archaeologists have informed us, covers the period from the 11th century BC to the arrival of the Scythians, Herodotus, who visited Scythia in the 5th century BC, clearly shows that this culture still exists even during the Scythian period. This archaeological culture reveals the existence of the Turks in Eastern Europea before the Huns came from the east. On the other hand, In the period following the arrival to of the main Scythian community coming from the east to what is today Ukraine after Asia Minor campaign the Scythians established military, political and economic relations with the neighbouring communities. They put up a fight against their rivals in the west in order to gain new economic incomes and to save the present economic interests for centuries. The Scythians made an effort to resist Celtic threat from the west and Sarmatian pressure from the east in the 3rd century BC but they could be unsuccessful at removing these dangers and finally the Scythian empire collapsed. One branch of the remaining Scythians migrated to modern Crimean peninsula while another one crossed the Danube River and settled in today's Dobruja. The Scythians struggled with the neigbouring Greek city-states for survival in Crimean peninsula but decrease in population and the lacking of enough military power prevented the Scythians from obtaining an decisive victory over the enemies around them and continuing their existence and they mingled with other nations and went out of existence in time.
According to the information given by Herodotus, Scythians followed the Cimmerians and landed in Asia Minor, after their adventures in the field, they immigrated to the territory of today's Ukraine. The Scythian age, in the classical sense, begins with the story Herodotus mentions and the time period after the end of the iron age in the Ukrainian territory. But before the main Scythian community reached the territory of Ukraine, there was an archaeological culture that showed that there was another Scythian community. Before the Scythians reached the geography of Ukraine from the Asia Minor expedition, the archaeological culture of Chernolis was present in the area between the Dnieper and Dniester Rivers. The area covered by this archaeological culture includes roughly the forest-steppe belt between the Dnieper and the Dniester Rivers and the Vorskla River basin to the east of the Dnieper. The mentioned archaeological culture developed on the basis of local and previous Belogrudovsky archaeological culture within the field on the right bank of Ukraine, that is to the west of the Dnieper River, with its predecessor Belogrudovskoy culture and the transition to the Ukrainian forest-steppe culture, in other words, it represents a culture that constitutes an intermediate step in the transition from bronze to iron age. The archeological culture of Chornolis is divided into two phases: late and early. The early phase, which constitutes the first of these phases, covers a period of time between the 1050-900 BC and the last periods of the Bronze Age. The late phase corresponds to 900-725 BC. After this late phase, it is accepted that the transitional period was followed by the Zapotinskiy transition period and the Scythian period was followed. Although the existence of the archaeological culture of Cernolis, as the Scythian archaeologists have informed us, covers the period from the 11th century BC to the arrival of the Scythians, Herodotus, who visited Scythia in the 5th century BC, clearly shows that this culture still exists even during the Scythian period. This archaeological culture reveals the existence of the Turks in Eastern Europea before the Huns came from the east. On the other hand, In the period following the arrival to of the main Scythian community coming from the east to what is today Ukraine after Asia Minor campaign the Scythians established military, political and economic relations with the neighbouring communities. They put up a fight against their rivals in the west in order to gain new economic incomes and to save the present economic interests for centuries. The Scythians made an effort to resist Celtic threat from the west and Sarmatian pressure from the east in the 3rd century BC but they could be unsuccessful at removing these dangers and finally the Scythian empire collapsed. One branch of the remaining Scythians migrated to modern Crimean peninsula while another one crossed the Danube River and settled in today's Dobruja. The Scythians struggled with the neigbouring Greek city-states for survival in Crimean peninsula but decrease in population and the lacking of enough military power prevented the Scythians from obtaining an decisive victory over the enemies around them and continuing their existence and they mingled with other nations and went out of existence in time.
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