Roma Cumhuriyet'inde iki kutuplu siyaset: Senatus-Populares (İÖ 509-İÖ 121)
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Dosyalar
Tarih
2021
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Yayıncı
Ege Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Roma Cumhuriyeti'nin içinde bulunduğu toplumsal ve ekonomik şartlar, iç siyasetteki çatışmaların şiddetini belirlemiştir. Roma'nın en eski toplumsal yapılanması niteliğindeki soy-kan bağına dayanan birliklerinin devlet yapısına hakim oldukları dönemde patricii-plebes karşıtlığıyla siyasi çatışma vücut bulmuştur. Plebslerin hak mücadelelerinin başarıya ulaşmasına mukabil, Roma devlet yönetimini belirleyen kurum senatonun hakimiyeti, honores ve dignitasa sahip patricius kökenli yönetici sınıfa zengin plebslerin de eklenmesiyle ortaya çıkan nobilitas sınıfına geçmiştir. Halkın hak mücadeleleri esnasında meydana getirdiği tribus meclisi ve halkın temsilcileri niteliğindeki plebs tribunları tarafından temsil edilen populares ile senato arasındaki kutuplaşmayla tebarüz eden çatışma, İÖ III. yüzyıldan Cumhuriyetin sonuna değin siyasi argümanların kaynağı haline gelmiştir. Roma siyasetinde çatışmayı şekillendiren temel ekonomik ve toplumsal olgular, senato ve halk temsilcilerinin mutabakatıyla İÖ III. yüzyıldan itibaren emperyalist bir yönelimle bertaraf edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu dönemde şehir devleti kurumlarının sınırlılıkları ile karşılaşılmıştır. Ordularının dayanağı niteliğindeki kendini teçhiz edebilen vatandaşların yoksullaşması ve İtalya yarımadasında hakimiyet altına aldığı müttefik hukukuyla kendisine tabi kıldığı toplulukların devlet sistemine entegre edilmesi gibi sorunlar siyasetin gündemine gelmiştir. Köklerini İÖ IV. yüzyılda Roma devlet sistemini dönüştüren plebs hareketinden alan populares, İÖ III. yüzyılda ortaya çıkan sorunlar karşısında Roma devlet sistemi içerisinde karar alıcı konumundaki senatoya karşı İÖ II. yüzyılda siyaset alanında halkın çıkarını savunmuşlardır. Popularesin bu mücadele kapsamında Gracchus hareketi ile birlikte sunduğu çözüm önerileri ve reformların senato tarafından kanla bastırılması, Roma siyasetinde şiddet iklimini yaratmıştır. Plebs hak mücadelesinin sonunda devlet yönetiminde belirli bir etkide bulunabilen halk iradesi, siyasetin şiddet sarmalında girmesi nedeniyle Geç Cumhuriyet döneminde kitlesel desteğe sahip karizmatik asker-siyasetçilere teslim edilmiştir.
The social and economic conditions of the Roman Republic had determined the impetus degree of political conflicts. As gentes being the oldest and fundamental structure of the Roman state, the basic paradigm of the regime until mid 4th century B.C. had been the contrast of patricii versus plebes named the political conflict. Conflict of the orders resulted in the creation of nobilitas of which members were combined patricians with rich plebeians who had the experience of governance- honores and dignitas- therefore they gained seats in Senatus as the main policymaker of the republic. Tribal assembly and tribune of people as had been the prime instruments for the opposition during the conflict of the orders against the patrician rule, also deployed by populares, men of the people, against the new senatorial rule. This new polarization between the senate and populares nourished political arguments from the 3rd century B.C. to the end of the republic. Roman imperialism in the 3rd century B.C. mainly served to suspend the sociological and economical causes of political conflicts between people and the senate. Land expansion and hegemony over various communities during this term brought to the confrontation of limitations of city-state institutions. Continuous warfare caused the impoverishment of peasant-citizen soldiers, backbone of the army, and the question of integration of Italian allies to the Roman state was hot topic of this period. Populares which was rooted in the revolutionary plebeian movement from conflict of the orders in 4th century B.C. defended people’s rights against senatorial rule from 3rd century B.C.. Suppression of the Gracchus movement as part of populares tradition with ferocious bloodshed by senatorial order was caused a violent atmosphere in domestic politics. Within violent contests in domestic politics and civil wars, people’s will was embodied with the charismatic leadership of warlords in the Late Roman Republic.
The social and economic conditions of the Roman Republic had determined the impetus degree of political conflicts. As gentes being the oldest and fundamental structure of the Roman state, the basic paradigm of the regime until mid 4th century B.C. had been the contrast of patricii versus plebes named the political conflict. Conflict of the orders resulted in the creation of nobilitas of which members were combined patricians with rich plebeians who had the experience of governance- honores and dignitas- therefore they gained seats in Senatus as the main policymaker of the republic. Tribal assembly and tribune of people as had been the prime instruments for the opposition during the conflict of the orders against the patrician rule, also deployed by populares, men of the people, against the new senatorial rule. This new polarization between the senate and populares nourished political arguments from the 3rd century B.C. to the end of the republic. Roman imperialism in the 3rd century B.C. mainly served to suspend the sociological and economical causes of political conflicts between people and the senate. Land expansion and hegemony over various communities during this term brought to the confrontation of limitations of city-state institutions. Continuous warfare caused the impoverishment of peasant-citizen soldiers, backbone of the army, and the question of integration of Italian allies to the Roman state was hot topic of this period. Populares which was rooted in the revolutionary plebeian movement from conflict of the orders in 4th century B.C. defended people’s rights against senatorial rule from 3rd century B.C.. Suppression of the Gracchus movement as part of populares tradition with ferocious bloodshed by senatorial order was caused a violent atmosphere in domestic politics. Within violent contests in domestic politics and civil wars, people’s will was embodied with the charismatic leadership of warlords in the Late Roman Republic.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Eski Roma, Siyaset, Populares, Senato, Optimates, Ancient Rome, Politics, Populares, Senatus, Optimates
