Türk kültüründe alkışlar (Dualar/iyi dilekler) ve kargışlar (Beddualar/kötü dilekler): Metin ve bağlam merkezli bir inceleme
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Dosyalar
Tarih
2018
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
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Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Ege Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Sahip olduğu maddi ve manevi, bireysel ve toplumsal varlık ve değerlerini koruma, insanoğlunun başlıca içgüdüleri ve temel gereksinimleri arasında yer alagelmiştir. Kendini koruma ve güvende hissetme, bu yöndeki psikolojik ve fizyolojik gereksinimlerini karşılama içgüdüsü, insanı birtakım yollara başvurmaya, çeşitli yöntemleri üretmeye yöneltmiştir. İnsanlık tarihinin hemen her döneminde ve farklı toplumlarda, genel olarak korunma ve güvenlik işlevleriyle kullanıldığı görülen, en basit ifadeyle "dilek, istek, övgü, yakarış ve tapınma sözleri" olan dualar ve beddualar da bu amaçla başvurulan yöntemler arasında yer almaktadır. İnanç ve kültür temelli söylem biçimleri olan duaların ve bedduaların, kendinden üstün, doğaüstü bir güce sığınma anlayışıyla, bireysel, toplumsal ve kültürel nitelikteki çeşitli bağlamlarda, tarih boyunca, her ihtiyaç duyulduğunda kullanıldıkları görülmektedir. Sözün büyülü gücü ve etkisi aracılığıyla elde edilen yararlarla gündelik yaşamın, inançların, değerlerin ve genel olarak kültürün çeşitli alanlarına yayılarak geçmişten günümüze taşınan dualar ve beddualar, kullanım sıklıklarına bağlı olarak, zamanla edebî birer tür haline de dönüşmüşlerdir. Farklı toplumlarda farklı isimlerle anılan bu dilek, istek, övgü ve yakarma sözlerinin Türk kültüründeki karşılıkları ise "alkışlar" ve "kargışlar" olmuştur. Çalışma; Türkiye'de henüz lisansüstü araştırmalara konu edilmediği görülen alkış ve kargış türlerinin Türk kültür tarihindeki başlıca görünümleri ile bu görünümlerindeki temel niteliklerinin belirlenmesine odaklanmıştır. Çalışmada alkışlar ve kargışlar, Türk kültür tarihindeki, gündelik yaşamındaki, ritüellerindeki, edebî tür ve alanlardaki art ve eş zamanlı görünümlerinden hareketle, bütüncül bir yaklaşımla incelenmiştir. İnsanlık tarihinin en erken dönemlerinden itibaren varlığına rastlanılan inanç, düşünce, eylem ve söylem biçimleri olarak konu, antropoloji, sosyoloji ve psikolojiyle, felsefe, mitoloji ve inançlarla, iletişim, dilbilim ve edebiyat incelemesiyle de yakından ilişkilidir. Bu bakımdan konu ele alınırken, insan ve toplumbilimlerinin disiplinlerarası bir kavşağı niteliğindeki halkbiliminin ve onunla yakından ilişkili olduğu bilinen, adı geçen disiplinlerin başlıca yöntem ve kuramlarından mümkün olabildiğince yararlanılmıştır. Bunlar arasından özellikle, konuyu bütün yönleriyle incelemeye olanak veren "Konuşmanın Etnografyası" kuramı, çalışmanın merkezine alınmıştır.
Existence in the worldly, unworldly, individualistic, and societal senses as well as the protection of the values associated with it has been a part of the fabric of the instincts and necessities of man since the very beginning. Man's instincts, which both allow him to feel protected and safe, as well as which meets her/his psychological and physiological needs, has led man to thus make many a step or leap forward as well as to forge many a new path. In nearly every period within the history of both humanity and various human societies, there has equally always been a place for benedictions and maledictions-that is, words that express wishes, desires, praises, prayers, and worship-and that are used to fulfill the function of creating a sentimental sense of protection and security. Benedictions and maledictions-which are a fundamental manner of discourse within culture and faith, as well as which take refuge in their being supernatural-have been observed throughout history as being used to meet each and every of man's needs within a range of individualistic, societal, and cultural contexts. They at the same time, both through the magical potency and influence of idiom, and moreover through their being carried from the past into the present and their being peppered throughout daily life, beliefs, values, and general culture, have over time emerged into a literary form onto itself due to the extensiveness of their use. These types of idioms, which vary in name from culture to culture, are known within the context of Turkish culture as "alkışlar" and "kargışlar", or "blessings" and "curses". This dissertation focuses on the subject of blessings and curses-which has yet to be studied even at the undergraduate level within Turkish academia-within the framework of Anatolian history, including identifying their principal forms and the fundamental qualities of those forms. This study simultaneously has aimed to holistically examine blessings/benedictions and curses/maledictions with reference to their diachronic and synchronous forms as part of Turkish cultural history, daily life, rituals, literary genres, and other fields. This subject-which has been encountered as early as the dawn of mankind itself in the form of faith, thought, action, and discourse-also has, an intimate relationship with anthropology, sociology, psychology, philosophy, mythology, belief, communication, linguistics, and literature as one inspects these fields more closely. From this angle, one can state that this research has benefited from the principal methods and theories of folklore and aforementioned disciplines with which folklore has an intimate relationship with, entailing an interdisciplinary junction point spanning the whole the humanities and social sciences. At the centre of this study is the theory "ethnography of speaking", which has been used to dissect each and every aspect of this subject in detail.
Existence in the worldly, unworldly, individualistic, and societal senses as well as the protection of the values associated with it has been a part of the fabric of the instincts and necessities of man since the very beginning. Man's instincts, which both allow him to feel protected and safe, as well as which meets her/his psychological and physiological needs, has led man to thus make many a step or leap forward as well as to forge many a new path. In nearly every period within the history of both humanity and various human societies, there has equally always been a place for benedictions and maledictions-that is, words that express wishes, desires, praises, prayers, and worship-and that are used to fulfill the function of creating a sentimental sense of protection and security. Benedictions and maledictions-which are a fundamental manner of discourse within culture and faith, as well as which take refuge in their being supernatural-have been observed throughout history as being used to meet each and every of man's needs within a range of individualistic, societal, and cultural contexts. They at the same time, both through the magical potency and influence of idiom, and moreover through their being carried from the past into the present and their being peppered throughout daily life, beliefs, values, and general culture, have over time emerged into a literary form onto itself due to the extensiveness of their use. These types of idioms, which vary in name from culture to culture, are known within the context of Turkish culture as "alkışlar" and "kargışlar", or "blessings" and "curses". This dissertation focuses on the subject of blessings and curses-which has yet to be studied even at the undergraduate level within Turkish academia-within the framework of Anatolian history, including identifying their principal forms and the fundamental qualities of those forms. This study simultaneously has aimed to holistically examine blessings/benedictions and curses/maledictions with reference to their diachronic and synchronous forms as part of Turkish cultural history, daily life, rituals, literary genres, and other fields. This subject-which has been encountered as early as the dawn of mankind itself in the form of faith, thought, action, and discourse-also has, an intimate relationship with anthropology, sociology, psychology, philosophy, mythology, belief, communication, linguistics, and literature as one inspects these fields more closely. From this angle, one can state that this research has benefited from the principal methods and theories of folklore and aforementioned disciplines with which folklore has an intimate relationship with, entailing an interdisciplinary junction point spanning the whole the humanities and social sciences. At the centre of this study is the theory "ethnography of speaking", which has been used to dissect each and every aspect of this subject in detail.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Türk Kültür Tarihi, Alkışlar ve Kargışlar, Türler, Disiplinlerarasıcılık, İşlevselcilik, Konuşmanın Etnografyası, Turkish Cultural History, Blessings and Curses, Folkloric Genres, Interdisciplinarism, Pragmatism, Ethnography of Speaking
