İzmir ili süt sığırcılığının mevcut durumu ve geliştirilmesi üzerine bir araştırma
Yükleniyor...
Dosyalar
Tarih
2015
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
Dergi ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Ege Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Bu araştırma İzmir ili süt sığırcılığının mevcut durumu ile süt sığırı işletmelerinde hayvanların bakım ve besleme alışkanlıklarını ortaya koymak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın materyalini İzmir il merkezi ve ilçelerinden anket yoluyla elde edilen 464 işletmeye ait 2010-2013 yılı verileri oluşturmuştur. İzmir ilinde örnekleme suretiyle incelenen ve anket yapılan süt sığırcılığı işletmeleri sahip oldukları sığır varlıkları esas alınarak 4 gruba ayrılmıştır. 1. grup 1-15 baş, 2.grup 16-50 baş, 3. grup 51-100 baş, 4. grup 101 baş ve üzeri sığıra sahip işletmeleri kapsamaktadır. İşletmelerin % 11,2'sinin 1-15 baş, % 47,8'inin 16-50 baş, % 24,8'inin 51-100 baş, % 16,2'sinin 101 baş ve üzeri sığıra sahip işletmelerden oluştuğu görülmüştür. İşletme başına düşen ortalama sığır sayısı 66,3 baş, işletme başına düşen sağmal inek sayısı 24 baş bulunmuştur. İşletmelerde sağmal ineklere günlük verilen konsantre yem miktarı 1-12 kg/baş, inek başına ortalama günlük süt verimi 17,3 litre olarak tespit edilmiştir. İşletmelerin % 37,5'i ineklerden günlük 3-15 litre, % 57,5'i 16-25 litre, % 4,3'ü 26-30 litre, % 0,6'sı 31 litre ve üzerinde süt almaktadır. İşletmelerin % 80,8'inde sütün farklı alıcılara tesliminde kalite özelliklerine göre fiyatının değişmediği görülmüştür. İşletmelerin % 36,6'sı sütü toplayıcıya, % 25,4'ü yöresel mandıraya, % 22,2'si kooperatife, % 13,4'ü süt fabrikasına, % 2,4'ü ise ürettiği sütü kendisi pazarlamaktadır. İşletmelerde sütün ortalama satış fiyatı 0,82 TL, işletmelerin süt yemine verdikleri ortalama fiyat 0,80 TL/kg bulunmuştur. Buradan hareketle süt-yem paritesi 1,03 olarak hesaplanmıştır. İzmir'de örnekleme suretiyle incelemeye aldığımız ve anket yaptığımız işletmelerde yem bitkisi olarak en çok silajlık mısır, buğday, fiğ, arpa, yulaf, yonca, karamba ve şalgam ekilmektedir. İşletmelerde toplam yem bitkisi ekim alanlarının % 40,5'inde silajlık mısır, % 15,7'sinde buğday, % 11,4'ünde fiğ, % 6'sında arpa, % 5,7'sinde yonca, % 5,1'inde yulaf, % 3,6'sında karamba ve % 3,3'ünde şalgam ekilmektedir. Bu yemlerin hepsi aynı anda hayvanlara verilmemekte, dönüşümlü olarak birbirlerinin yerine kullanılmaktadır. İşletmelerin hayvancılık örgütlenmesi incelendiğinde işletmelerin % 98,5'inin İzmir İli Damızlık Sığır Yetiştiricileri Birliğine üye olduğu tespit edilmiştir. İşletmelerin % 98,1'i aşımda suni tohumlama yöntemini, % 0,6'sı tabii tohumlama yöntemini, % 1,3'ü her iki yöntemi kullanmaktadır. İşletmelerin en önemli sorunları arasında yem fiyatlarının yüksekliği (% 27,9), süt fiyatlarının düşüklüğü (% 23,8) ve girdilerin (elektrik, mazot, su vb.) yüksekliği (% 14,8) gelmektedir.
The study was conducted to determine both the present situation of dairy cattle farms in Izmir and breeding, feeding habits of dairy cattle in these dairy farms. The research material is composed of data for the years 2010-2013 obtained through series of surveys carried out in 464 dairy cattle farms in Izmir province and districts. In this study that carried out research studies using the sampling methods and conducted survey in dairy farms of İzmir, it was seperated to four groups that cattle assets of dairy farms. First group of dairy farms have 1 to 15 heads, second group have 16 to 50 heads, third group have 51 to 100 heads and fourth group have over 101 heads. It was included that 11,2 % of the farms had 1-15 heads, 47,8 % had 16-50 heads, 24,9 % had 51-100 heads and 16,1 % had over 101 or more heads of cattle. The average number of cattle per farm was 66,3 heads whereas the average number of dairy cows was found to be 24 heads. The amount of concentrate given to dairy cows on a daily basis was 1-13 kg per head and the daily milk yield of per cow was 17,3 liters. Daily milk production obtained from the cows on these farms was 3-15 liters in 37,5 %, 16-25 liters in 57,5 % , 6-30 liters in 4,3 % and over 31 liters in 0,6 %. It was observed that the price of milk, delivered to different buyers, did not change according to quality of milk in 80,8 % of the dairy farms. 36,6 % of the farms sell their milk to milk collectors, 25,4 % to local dairies, 22,2 % to cooperatives and 13,4 to milk factory, whereas 2,4 % of the farms market their milk product themselves. It was found that the average selling price for milk in farms was 0,82 TL and the average fodder price paid by the farmers was 0,80 TL/kg. Consequently, the milk-fodder parity was calculated as 1,03. It was seen that farmers mostly planted corn silage, wheat, wetch, barley, clover, oat, ryegrass, turnip respectively, where carried out research studies using the sampling method and conducted questionnaires. As for the feed plantations on these farms, 40,5 % was allocated to corn silage, 15,7 % to wheat, 11,4 % to wetch, % 6 to barley, 5,7 % to clover, 5,1 % to oat, 3,6 % to ryegrass, 3,3 % to turnip. The following feeds were used alternately during the feeding, not at the same time. An investigation of the organization of the dairy farms has revealed that 98,5 % of the farms are registered members of the Cattle Breeders Association of Izmir. It has been determined that 98,1 % of the farms use artificial insemination, 0,6 % used natural service and 1,3 % used both breeding techniques during mating periods. Major problems suffered by farms include high feed costs (27,9 %), low milk prices (23,8 %) and high input costs such as electricity, diesel oil, water etc. (14,8 %).
The study was conducted to determine both the present situation of dairy cattle farms in Izmir and breeding, feeding habits of dairy cattle in these dairy farms. The research material is composed of data for the years 2010-2013 obtained through series of surveys carried out in 464 dairy cattle farms in Izmir province and districts. In this study that carried out research studies using the sampling methods and conducted survey in dairy farms of İzmir, it was seperated to four groups that cattle assets of dairy farms. First group of dairy farms have 1 to 15 heads, second group have 16 to 50 heads, third group have 51 to 100 heads and fourth group have over 101 heads. It was included that 11,2 % of the farms had 1-15 heads, 47,8 % had 16-50 heads, 24,9 % had 51-100 heads and 16,1 % had over 101 or more heads of cattle. The average number of cattle per farm was 66,3 heads whereas the average number of dairy cows was found to be 24 heads. The amount of concentrate given to dairy cows on a daily basis was 1-13 kg per head and the daily milk yield of per cow was 17,3 liters. Daily milk production obtained from the cows on these farms was 3-15 liters in 37,5 %, 16-25 liters in 57,5 % , 6-30 liters in 4,3 % and over 31 liters in 0,6 %. It was observed that the price of milk, delivered to different buyers, did not change according to quality of milk in 80,8 % of the dairy farms. 36,6 % of the farms sell their milk to milk collectors, 25,4 % to local dairies, 22,2 % to cooperatives and 13,4 to milk factory, whereas 2,4 % of the farms market their milk product themselves. It was found that the average selling price for milk in farms was 0,82 TL and the average fodder price paid by the farmers was 0,80 TL/kg. Consequently, the milk-fodder parity was calculated as 1,03. It was seen that farmers mostly planted corn silage, wheat, wetch, barley, clover, oat, ryegrass, turnip respectively, where carried out research studies using the sampling method and conducted questionnaires. As for the feed plantations on these farms, 40,5 % was allocated to corn silage, 15,7 % to wheat, 11,4 % to wetch, % 6 to barley, 5,7 % to clover, 5,1 % to oat, 3,6 % to ryegrass, 3,3 % to turnip. The following feeds were used alternately during the feeding, not at the same time. An investigation of the organization of the dairy farms has revealed that 98,5 % of the farms are registered members of the Cattle Breeders Association of Izmir. It has been determined that 98,1 % of the farms use artificial insemination, 0,6 % used natural service and 1,3 % used both breeding techniques during mating periods. Major problems suffered by farms include high feed costs (27,9 %), low milk prices (23,8 %) and high input costs such as electricity, diesel oil, water etc. (14,8 %).
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Süt Sığırı, Süt Sığırcılığı İşletmeleri, Süt Verimi, Suni Tohumlama, İzmir, Dairy Cattle, Dairy Cattle Farms Milk Production, Artificial İnsemination, Izmir
