Düzce yöresi virginia tütünlerinde vegetasyon süresince bitki besin maddesi alınımı ve verim ve kalite ilişkilerinin belirlenmesi
Küçük Resim Yok
Tarih
1995
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
Dergi ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Ege Üniversitesi
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess
Özet
ÖZET Düzce ilçesinde Virginia tipi tülün üretimi yapılmakla olan 18 ayrı tarladan, iide dikimi öncesi, farklı iki derinlikten ( 0-20 ve 20-40 cm ) toprak, bunun yanında tide dikimini izleyen 30,45,60,75,90 ve 105. günlerde ise bitki örnekleri ( kök, sap ve yaprak ) alınmıştır. Hasat ve kumuna işlemlerinin lamamlamnasmdan sonra yaprak tülün örnekleri » alınarak analiz edilmiştir. Toprak örneklerinde genelde ün, killi-lın ve milli-ün bünye başattır. Analiz edilen topraklarda tuzluluk yönünden herhangibir sorun yoktur. PH bakımından orta asit ve nötr reaksiyonlu topraklar çoğunluktadır. Arastama kapsamındaki tarlaların tümü kireççe fakir, alınabilir potasyum kapsamları itibariyle noksan gruba girmektedirler. Toprakların %84'ü toplam azot, %78'i alınabilir kalsiyum, %70'i alınabilir çinko bakımından iyi durumdadu-. Ancak örneklerin %8 Tinin alınabilir fosfor kapsamlarının düşük olduğu belirlenmiştir. Tüm tarlaların alınabilir magnezyum, mangan, bakır ve demir kapsamları yeterli seviyededir. Kuru madde miktarı, fide dikiminden sonraki 30. günde 16.060 kg/da olarak saptanmış, bu değer vegetasyonun 105. gününde 462.560 kg/da düzeyine ulaşmıştır. 105. günde belirlenen kuru madde miktarına oranla; vegetasyonun 30. gününde toplam kuru maddenin %3.47'sinin, 45.gününde %12.15'inin, öO.gününde %29.71'inin, 75.gününde %58.55'inin, 90.gününde %80.84'ünün oluştuğu belirlenmiştir. Bunun sonunda kuru madde oluşumunun ağır bir tempoda gerçekleştiği anlaşılmakladır. Vegetasyonun 105. gününde; köklerde ortalama %1.17 azot, %0.13 fosfor %0.75 potasyum, %0.85 kalsiyum, %0.13 magnezyum, 541 ppm sodyum, 733ppm demir, 41ppm çinko, 34ppm mangan, 24ppm bakır belirlenmiştir. Ayni dünümde sapların159 içerdiği azot %1.78, fosfor %0.21, potasyum %2.27, kalsiyum %0.62, magnezyum %0.16, sod)'um 412ppm, demir 175ppm,.inko 44ppm, mangan 24ppm, bakır 26ppm olarak bulunmuştur. Bu dönemde yapraklarda ise, ortalama %2.Û8 azot, %Û.24 fosfor. %2.64 potasyum, %2.70 kalsiyum, %0.34 magnezyum belirlenirken sodyumun 356 ppm, demirin 785 ppm, manganın 107 ppm, çinkonun 52 ppm, bakımı 35 ppm düzeyinde olduğu saptanmıştır. Vegetasyon ilerledikçe, bitkilerin değişik organlarının ( kök, sap ve yapraklar ) kapsadığı azot, potasyum, magnezyum, sodyum, mangan ve demir içeriklerinde, genelde, azalma eğilimi gözlenmiştir. Buna karşılık bu organların kapsadığı fosfor, kalsiyum, çinko ve bakır içerilderinin ise vegetasyon süresince hemen hemen ayni düzeyde kaldığı belirlenmiştir. Vegetasyonun 105. günü itibariyle kök, sap ve yapraklarla topraktan 8.383 kg/da azot, 1.017 kg/da fosfor, 9.990 kg/da potasyum, 7.776 kg/da kalsiyum, 1.252 kg/da magnezyum, 191.5 g/da sodyum, 261.5 g/da demir, 31.0 g/da mangan, 22.2 g/da çinko, 13.9 g/da bakır kaldırıldığı belirlemnişür. Bu biüanin topraklan kaldırdığı besin elementlerinin, miktarlar itibariyle, K>N>Ca>Mg>P>Fe>Na>Mn>Zn>Cu şeklinde sıralandığı anlaşılmıştır. Besin elementi aknımının genelde yavaş geliştiği belirlenmiştir. En hızlı alman besin elementinin potasyum olduğu gözlenmiştir. Topraktan kaldırılan toplam azotun %44'ünün, fosforun %34'ünün, potasyumun %48'inin, kalsiyumun %32'sinm, magnezyumun %41'imn, sodyumun %43'ünün, demirin %40'mın, çinkonun %30'unun, manganın %35'inin, bakırın %28'inin vegelatif gelişmenin hemen hemen tamamlandığı varsayılan fide dikiminden sonraki öO.günde bitkiler tarafından alındığı anlaşılmıştır. Yaprak tütün örneklerinde ortalama %1.77 toplam azot, %1.79 nikotin, %22.71 toplam şeker, %14.66 ham kül saptanmıştır. Yaprak tütün veriminin, 18 tarlanın ortalaması olarak, 254.2 kg/da olduğu saptanmıştır.1(50 Toprağın fiziksel ve kimyasal özellikleri Ee bitkilerin besin elementi içerikleri ve yaprak tütünün bazı kimyasal özellikleri arasındaki İlişkiler incelenmiş ve toprak pH değeri ile yaprakların Ca ve Mn içerikleri, toprağın çözünür tuz kapsamı ile yaprakların K ve Mn içerikleri, toprağın kireç kapsamı ile yaprakların N, Ca, Zn içerikleri, toprak organik maddesi ile yaprakların Zn içeriği, toprağın kum, mil, kil fraksiyonları ile yaprakların K, Mn, Cu içerikleri, toprağın toplam azot kapsamı ile yaprakların Mn içeriği, alınabilir lbs lor kapsamı ile yaprakların Mn içeriği, alınabilir potasyum kapsamı ile yapraklanıl fosfor ve potasyum içeriği, alınabilir kalsiyum kapsamı ile yaprakların potasyum, kalsiyum ve mangan içerikleri, alınabilir magnezyum kapsamı ile yaprakların mangan ve çinko içeriği, alınabilir sodyum ile yaprakların mangan içeriği, alınabilir demir ve mangan ile yapraklanıl kalsiyum içeriği, alınabilir çinko ile yaprakların fosfor, kalsiyum, çinko, bakır içerikleri, arasında istatiksel anlamda önemli ilişkiler saptanmış olması toprakların kimi iiziksel ve kimyasal özellikleri yaranda alınabilir besin maddeleri ile yapraklardaki besin maddeleri miktarları arasındaki ilişkilerin önemini göstermektedir. Toprağın organik madde kapsamı ile yaprak tütünün nikotin, alınabilir demir kapsamı ile ham kül, alınabilir çinko ve bakır ile nikotin içeriği arasında istatistik! açıdan önemli ilişkiler beliılenmişür. Yaprakların kalsiyum içeriği ile yaprak tütünün ham kül, yaprakların sodyum ve çinko içerikleri ile yaprak tülünün nikotin militan arasında istatiksel anlamda önemli ilişkiler saptanmıştır
SUMMARY Soil samples from Iwo different depths (0-20 cm and 20-40 em) prior to seedling transplanting and plant samples (root, stem, leaf) on 30 th, 45 th, 60 th, 75 th, 90 th, and 105 th days after transplanting, and leaf samples after harvest and curing procedures were taken from 18 different Virginia tobacco fields of Düzce region of Bolu province. In general, loam, silry-loam and clay loam happened to be dominant in the texture of soil samples. Salinity was not faced in the samples analyzed. Mildly acidic or neutral soils were common at this particular locality. All fields under investigation were poor in lime content and were classified as 'deficient' according to their available potassium contents. 84 % of soils were considered sufficient in terms of total nitrogen ; 78 % and 70 % by available calcium and zinc, respectively. But 81 % of soil samples were low in available phosphorus content On the other hand, their available magnesium, manganese, copper, and iron contents were in sufficient levels. Dry matter content of plant samples was calculated as 160.6 kg.ha-1 on the 30 tli day after seedling transplanting, reaching to 4625.6 kg.lia"*' level on 105 th day. Of the total formed until the latter dale; 3.47, 12.15, 29.71, 58.55, and 80.84 percents was determined to have formed on 30 th, 45 th, 60 th, 75 th, and 90 th days after transplanting respectively, revealing a conclusion that it builds up at a rather low rate. On the 105 th day of the vegetation; 1.17 % nitrogen, 0.13 % phosphorus, 0.75 % potassium, 0.85 % calcium, 0.13 % magnesium, 541 ppm sodium, 733 ppm iron, 41 ppm zinc, 34 ppm manganese, and 24 ppm copper were determined in roots. 1.78 % nitrogen, 0.21 % phosphorous, 2.27 % potassium, 0.62 % calcium, 0.1.6 % magnesium, 412 ppm sodium, 175 ppm iron, 44 ppm zinc, 24 ppm manganese, 26 ppm copper were found in stems. 2.08 % nitrogen, 0.24 % phosphorus, 2.64 % potassium, 2.70 % calcium, 0.34 % magnesium, 356 ppm sodium, 785 ppm iron, 107162 ppm manganese, 52 ppm zinc, and 35 ppm copper were calculated in leaves at the same time. The nitrogen, potassium, magnesium, sodium, manganese, and iron contents of plant organs (root, stem, leal) generally tended to decrease as the vegetation progressed. Whereas, phosphorus, calcium, zinc and copper contents remained almost at a certain level during this period. Referring the 105 th day, it was determined that 83.83 kg.ha"1 nitrogen, 10.17 kg.ha_1 phosphorus, 99.90 kg-ha"1 potassium, 77.76 kg.ha-1 calcium, 12.52 kg. ha"1 magnesium, 1.915 kg.ha"^' sodium, 2.615 kg-ha"* iron, 0.31 kg.ha"^ manganese, 0.222 kg-ha"! zinc, and 0.139 kg.ha'1 copper were found to have been removed from soil through those organs. Plant nutrients removed from soil were in the following order quantitatively : K>N>Ca>Mg>P> Fe> Na> Mn> Zn>Cu. The removal progressed at a low rate in general, however, potassium was taken up at the highest. 44 % of the total nitrogen, 34 % of the phosphorus, 48 % of the potassium, 32 % the calcium, 41 % of the magnesium, 43 % the sodium, 40 % of the iron, 30 % of the zinc, 35 % of the manganese, and 28 % of the copper were removed from soil by plants on the 60 th day after seedling transplanting, a critical dale which supposedly coincides with the completion of the vegetation. In the samples of cured leaves : 1.77 % total nitrogen, 1.79 % nicotine, 22.71 % total sugars, and 14.66 % crude ash were determined avcragery. 'fhe subsequent yield of cured leaf from 18 tobacco fields averaged 2542 kg.ha'1. Correlations between physical and chemical properties of soil, plant nutrient contents and chemical properties of cured leaves were also studied, resulting in statistically significant relations between soil pH, and calcium and magnesium content of leaves; between soluble salt content of soil, and K and Mn contents of leaves; between lime content of soil, and N, Ca, Zn content of leaves; between soil organic matter, and Zn content of leaves; between sand, silt, clay fractions, and K, Mil, Cu163 contents of leaves; between total nitrogen content of soil, and Mn content of leaves; between available phosphorus content and Mn content of leaves; between available potassium content, and phosphorus and potassium contents of leaves; between available calcium content, and potassium, calcium, and manganese contents of leaves; between available magnesium content, and manganese and zinc contents of leaves; between available sodium, and manganese content of leaves; between available iron, and manganese and calcium content of leaves; between available zinc, and phosphorus, calcium, zinc and copper content of leaves. These results imply the importance of relations between available nutrient content of soil and amount of nutrients in leaves besides physical and chemical properties of soil. Furthermore the relation between organic mailer content of soil and nicotine content of cured leaves; between available iron content and crude- ash; between available zinc and copper, and nicotine content was found significant. Finally correlations between calcium content of leaves and crude ash content of cured leaves; between sodium and zinc content, and nicotine content of cured leaves were also statistically significant.
SUMMARY Soil samples from Iwo different depths (0-20 cm and 20-40 em) prior to seedling transplanting and plant samples (root, stem, leaf) on 30 th, 45 th, 60 th, 75 th, 90 th, and 105 th days after transplanting, and leaf samples after harvest and curing procedures were taken from 18 different Virginia tobacco fields of Düzce region of Bolu province. In general, loam, silry-loam and clay loam happened to be dominant in the texture of soil samples. Salinity was not faced in the samples analyzed. Mildly acidic or neutral soils were common at this particular locality. All fields under investigation were poor in lime content and were classified as 'deficient' according to their available potassium contents. 84 % of soils were considered sufficient in terms of total nitrogen ; 78 % and 70 % by available calcium and zinc, respectively. But 81 % of soil samples were low in available phosphorus content On the other hand, their available magnesium, manganese, copper, and iron contents were in sufficient levels. Dry matter content of plant samples was calculated as 160.6 kg.ha-1 on the 30 tli day after seedling transplanting, reaching to 4625.6 kg.lia"*' level on 105 th day. Of the total formed until the latter dale; 3.47, 12.15, 29.71, 58.55, and 80.84 percents was determined to have formed on 30 th, 45 th, 60 th, 75 th, and 90 th days after transplanting respectively, revealing a conclusion that it builds up at a rather low rate. On the 105 th day of the vegetation; 1.17 % nitrogen, 0.13 % phosphorus, 0.75 % potassium, 0.85 % calcium, 0.13 % magnesium, 541 ppm sodium, 733 ppm iron, 41 ppm zinc, 34 ppm manganese, and 24 ppm copper were determined in roots. 1.78 % nitrogen, 0.21 % phosphorous, 2.27 % potassium, 0.62 % calcium, 0.1.6 % magnesium, 412 ppm sodium, 175 ppm iron, 44 ppm zinc, 24 ppm manganese, 26 ppm copper were found in stems. 2.08 % nitrogen, 0.24 % phosphorus, 2.64 % potassium, 2.70 % calcium, 0.34 % magnesium, 356 ppm sodium, 785 ppm iron, 107162 ppm manganese, 52 ppm zinc, and 35 ppm copper were calculated in leaves at the same time. The nitrogen, potassium, magnesium, sodium, manganese, and iron contents of plant organs (root, stem, leal) generally tended to decrease as the vegetation progressed. Whereas, phosphorus, calcium, zinc and copper contents remained almost at a certain level during this period. Referring the 105 th day, it was determined that 83.83 kg.ha"1 nitrogen, 10.17 kg.ha_1 phosphorus, 99.90 kg-ha"1 potassium, 77.76 kg.ha-1 calcium, 12.52 kg. ha"1 magnesium, 1.915 kg.ha"^' sodium, 2.615 kg-ha"* iron, 0.31 kg.ha"^ manganese, 0.222 kg-ha"! zinc, and 0.139 kg.ha'1 copper were found to have been removed from soil through those organs. Plant nutrients removed from soil were in the following order quantitatively : K>N>Ca>Mg>P> Fe> Na> Mn> Zn>Cu. The removal progressed at a low rate in general, however, potassium was taken up at the highest. 44 % of the total nitrogen, 34 % of the phosphorus, 48 % of the potassium, 32 % the calcium, 41 % of the magnesium, 43 % the sodium, 40 % of the iron, 30 % of the zinc, 35 % of the manganese, and 28 % of the copper were removed from soil by plants on the 60 th day after seedling transplanting, a critical dale which supposedly coincides with the completion of the vegetation. In the samples of cured leaves : 1.77 % total nitrogen, 1.79 % nicotine, 22.71 % total sugars, and 14.66 % crude ash were determined avcragery. 'fhe subsequent yield of cured leaf from 18 tobacco fields averaged 2542 kg.ha'1. Correlations between physical and chemical properties of soil, plant nutrient contents and chemical properties of cured leaves were also studied, resulting in statistically significant relations between soil pH, and calcium and magnesium content of leaves; between soluble salt content of soil, and K and Mn contents of leaves; between lime content of soil, and N, Ca, Zn content of leaves; between soil organic matter, and Zn content of leaves; between sand, silt, clay fractions, and K, Mil, Cu163 contents of leaves; between total nitrogen content of soil, and Mn content of leaves; between available phosphorus content and Mn content of leaves; between available potassium content, and phosphorus and potassium contents of leaves; between available calcium content, and potassium, calcium, and manganese contents of leaves; between available magnesium content, and manganese and zinc contents of leaves; between available sodium, and manganese content of leaves; between available iron, and manganese and calcium content of leaves; between available zinc, and phosphorus, calcium, zinc and copper content of leaves. These results imply the importance of relations between available nutrient content of soil and amount of nutrients in leaves besides physical and chemical properties of soil. Furthermore the relation between organic mailer content of soil and nicotine content of cured leaves; between available iron content and crude- ash; between available zinc and copper, and nicotine content was found significant. Finally correlations between calcium content of leaves and crude ash content of cured leaves; between sodium and zinc content, and nicotine content of cured leaves were also statistically significant.
Açıklama
Bu tezin, veri tabanı üzerinden yayınlanma izni bulunmamaktadır. Yayınlanma izni olmayan tezlerin basılı kopyalarına Üniversite kütüphaneniz aracılığıyla (TÜBESS üzerinden) erişebilirsiniz.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Ziraat, Agriculture, Bitki besin maddeleri, Plant nutrients, Bolu-Düzce, Bolu-Düzce, Tütün, Tobacco
