Ege bölgesinde karabacak hastalığının asma fidanlıklarındaki durumu, etmenlerinin tanısı ve mücadelesine yönelik çalışmalar
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Dosyalar
Tarih
2021
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
Dergi ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Ege Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Esas olarak Ilyonectria ve Dactylonectria türlerinin neden olduğu karabacak hastalığı, dünyanın şarap ve üzüm üreten bölgelerinin çoğunda, özellikle fidanlıklarda ve genç bağlarda ciddi yıkımlara sebep olmaktadır. Kök ve odun doku çürümesine sebep olan bu patojenlerin fidanlık topraklarında yaygın olduğu iyi bilinmektedir ve gelişimin ilk dönemlerinde enfeksiyonlara sebep olduğu kanıtlanmıştır. Bu çalışma ile karabacak hastalığının, asma fidanlıklarındaki durumunun saptanması, etmenlerinin morfolojik ve moleküler düzeyde tanılanması ve patojenisite testlerinde en virülent olarak belirlenen türlerin mücadelesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu çalışma aynı zamanda Türkiye'de asma fidanlarında karabacak hastalığının mücadelesine yönelik olarak ilk girişimi temsil etmektedir. İlk olarak, 2019-2020 yıllarında Ege Bölgesi'ndeki 21 asma fidanlığında sürveyler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sekiz farklı fidanlıktan elde edilen karabacak hastalığına ait 20 izolatı tanılamak ve sınıflandırmak için; ITS, β-tubulin ve Histon H3 gen lokuslarının Maksimum Likelihood filogenetik analizleri kullanılmıştır. Tanılamalar sonucu karabacak hastalığına ait üç tür bulunmuştur; Ilyonectria liriodendri, Dactylonectria macrodidyma ve D. torresensis. Karabacak hastalığı ile ilişkili izolatların %85'ini oluşturan ve sekiz fidanlıkta da baskın tür olan I. liriodendri'yi, iki fidanlıkta elde edilen D. torresensis ile sadece bir fidanlık örneğinde bulunan D. macodidyma izlemiştir. Patojenisite çalışmaları sonucunda en virülent izolatların I. liriodendri türüne ait olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ülkemizde karabacak hastalığına karşı ruhsatlı bir bitki koruma ürünü bulunmamaktadır. Hastalığın mücadelesine yönelik yürütülen in vitro testlerde; cyprodinil + fludioxonil, thiabendazole + fludioxonil + metalaxyl–m + azoxystrobin ve azoxystrobin + metalaxyl-m + fludioxonil etkili maddeli preparatlar patojenin misalyal gelişimini engellemede en etkili fungisitler olmuştur. Aynı zamanda; Trichoderma harzianum Rifai KRL-AG2 ırkı biyopreparatın (T22), I. liriodendri'ye karşı in vitro biyokontrol etkisi değerlendirilmiştir. İkili kültür deneyinde, Trichoderma bazlı uygulama, her iki I. liriodendri izolatlarına karşı (sırasıyla MBAE160MY ve MBAE205MY) %60,10 ve %80,60'lık miselyal inhibisyon sağlamıştır. Ayrıca, 1103 Paulsen asma anaçlarının köklenme sürecinde I. liriodendri'nin neden olduğu enfeksiyonları önleme potansiyellerini belirlemek için in vitro'da en etkili bulunan fungisitler ile saksı denemeleri yapılmıştır. Tüm fungisitler, herhangi bir uygulama yapılmamış kontrol bitkilerine kıyasla hem bitki büyümesini (bitki boyu, kök boyu, kök ve sürgün kuru ağırlığı) önemli ölçüde iyileştirmiş hem de kök hastalık şiddetini değişen oranlarda azaltmıştır. 2020 yılında yürütülen deneylerde her iki I. liriodendri izolatlarına (MBAE160MY ve MBAE205MY) karşı sırasıyla thiabendazole + fludioxonil + metalaxyl–m + azoxystrobin %69,9-%71,1; cyprodinil + fludioxonil %63,4-%69,6; azoxystrobin + metalaxyl-m + fludioxonil %60,0-%69,6 oranları ile en etkili fungisitler olurken bunları Trichoderma harzianum Rifai KRL-AG2 ırkı %50,0-%60,8 oranı ile takip etmiştir. 2021 yıllında ise cyprodinil + fludioxonil %72,7-%76,2; thiabendazole + fludioxonil + metalaxyl–m + azoxystrobin %72,7-74,6; azoxystrobin + metalaxyl-m + fludioxonil %63,6-%66,7 oranları ile en etkili fungisit uygulamaları olmuş ve bunları Trichoderma harzianum Rifai KRL-AG2 ırkı (%54,6-%57,1) izlemiştir.
Black foot disease, which is mainly caused by Ilyonectria and Dactylonectria species, causes serious destruction in most of the wine and grape producing regions of the world, particularly in nurseries and young vineyards. It is well known that these pathogens, which cause root and wood tissue rot, are widespread in nursery soils and have been proven to cause infections in the early stages of development. With this study, it is aimed to determine the situation of black foot disease in grapevine nurseries, to identify its potential agents at morphological and molecular level and to control the most virulent isolates of the species determinated in the pathogenicity tests. This study also represents the first attempt to control black foot disease in grapevine saplings in Turkey. First, surveys were been carried out in 21 grapevine nurseries in the Aegean Region during 2019 growing season. To identify and classify the total of 20 isolates of black foot disease obtained from eight out of 21 nurseries; Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic analyzes of ITS, β-tubulin and Histone H3 gene loci were used. Three species of black foot disease were found; Ilyonectria liriodendri, Dactylonectria macrodidyma and D. torresensis. I. liriodendri, which constitutes 85% of the isolates associated with black foot disease and is the dominant species in the eight nurseries was followed by D. torresensis obtained from two nurseries and D. macrodidyma found in only one nursery sample. As a result of the pathogenicity studies, it was determined that the most virulent isolates belong to I. liriodendri species. There is not any fungicide registered against black foot disease in Turkey so far. Thirteen fungicides were screened in vitro for mycelial inhibition of these pathogens. Cyprodinil + fludioxonil, thiabendazole + fludioxonil + metalaxyl-m + azoxystrobin and azoxystrobin + metalaxyl-m + fludioxonil were the most effective fungicides tested. Biocontrol activity of Trichoderma harzianum Rifai KRL-AG2 strain bioprepare (T22) against I. liriodendri was evaluated as well. In the dual culture experiment, treatment with Trichoderma-based application provided 60.10% and 80.60% inhibition against both I. liriodendri isolates (MBAE160MY and MBAE205MY, respectively). In addition, a pot trial was also conducted with the most effective fungicides tested in vitro to evaluate against potential infections caused by I. liriodendri during the rooting process of 1103 Paulsen vine rootstocks. All fungicides significantly improved plant growth (plant height, root height, root and shoot dry weight) and reduced disease severity compared to untreated controls. In experiments conducted in 2020, thiabendazole + fludioxonil + metalaxyl–m + azoxystrobin 69.9%-71.1%; cyprodinil + fludioxonil 63.4%-69.6%; azoxystrobin + metalaxyl-m + fludioxonil were the most effective fungicides with 60.0-69.6% ratios, followed by Trichoderma harzianum Rifai KRL-AG2 strain with 50.0-60.8%. In 2021, cyprodinil + fludioxonil 72.7%-76.2%; thiabendazole + fludioxonil + metalaxyl–m + azoxystrobin 72.7-74.6%; azoxystrobin + metalaxyl-m + fludioxonil were the most effective fungicide applications with 63.6%-66.7% rates, followed by Trichoderma harzianum Rifai KRL-AG2 strain (54.6%-57.1%).
Black foot disease, which is mainly caused by Ilyonectria and Dactylonectria species, causes serious destruction in most of the wine and grape producing regions of the world, particularly in nurseries and young vineyards. It is well known that these pathogens, which cause root and wood tissue rot, are widespread in nursery soils and have been proven to cause infections in the early stages of development. With this study, it is aimed to determine the situation of black foot disease in grapevine nurseries, to identify its potential agents at morphological and molecular level and to control the most virulent isolates of the species determinated in the pathogenicity tests. This study also represents the first attempt to control black foot disease in grapevine saplings in Turkey. First, surveys were been carried out in 21 grapevine nurseries in the Aegean Region during 2019 growing season. To identify and classify the total of 20 isolates of black foot disease obtained from eight out of 21 nurseries; Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic analyzes of ITS, β-tubulin and Histone H3 gene loci were used. Three species of black foot disease were found; Ilyonectria liriodendri, Dactylonectria macrodidyma and D. torresensis. I. liriodendri, which constitutes 85% of the isolates associated with black foot disease and is the dominant species in the eight nurseries was followed by D. torresensis obtained from two nurseries and D. macrodidyma found in only one nursery sample. As a result of the pathogenicity studies, it was determined that the most virulent isolates belong to I. liriodendri species. There is not any fungicide registered against black foot disease in Turkey so far. Thirteen fungicides were screened in vitro for mycelial inhibition of these pathogens. Cyprodinil + fludioxonil, thiabendazole + fludioxonil + metalaxyl-m + azoxystrobin and azoxystrobin + metalaxyl-m + fludioxonil were the most effective fungicides tested. Biocontrol activity of Trichoderma harzianum Rifai KRL-AG2 strain bioprepare (T22) against I. liriodendri was evaluated as well. In the dual culture experiment, treatment with Trichoderma-based application provided 60.10% and 80.60% inhibition against both I. liriodendri isolates (MBAE160MY and MBAE205MY, respectively). In addition, a pot trial was also conducted with the most effective fungicides tested in vitro to evaluate against potential infections caused by I. liriodendri during the rooting process of 1103 Paulsen vine rootstocks. All fungicides significantly improved plant growth (plant height, root height, root and shoot dry weight) and reduced disease severity compared to untreated controls. In experiments conducted in 2020, thiabendazole + fludioxonil + metalaxyl–m + azoxystrobin 69.9%-71.1%; cyprodinil + fludioxonil 63.4%-69.6%; azoxystrobin + metalaxyl-m + fludioxonil were the most effective fungicides with 60.0-69.6% ratios, followed by Trichoderma harzianum Rifai KRL-AG2 strain with 50.0-60.8%. In 2021, cyprodinil + fludioxonil 72.7%-76.2%; thiabendazole + fludioxonil + metalaxyl–m + azoxystrobin 72.7-74.6%; azoxystrobin + metalaxyl-m + fludioxonil were the most effective fungicide applications with 63.6%-66.7% rates, followed by Trichoderma harzianum Rifai KRL-AG2 strain (54.6%-57.1%).
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Vitis Vinifera L., Karabacak Hastalığı, Ilyonectria Liriodendri, Fidanlık, Fungisit, Mücadele, Mücadele, Vitis Vinifera L., Black Foot Disease, Ilyonectria Liriodendri, Nursery, Fungicide, Control
