Pulluk tasarımında yeni bır yaklaşım: Çift yönlü kulaklı pulluk
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Tarih
2015
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
Dergi ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Ege Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Çiftçinin yaygın olarak kullandığı geleneksel toprak işleme yönteminde tek yöne deviren sabit kulaklı pulluk (SP) vazgeçemediği birincil toprak işleme aleti olarak öne çıkmaktadır. SP'de parsele ortadan ya da yandan girilerek ve parsel sonunda sürekli aynı yöne dönülerek parsel ortasında açık çizi veya balıksırtı oluşturulur. Ayrıca SP'de traktörün tarlada efektif olmayan boşuna dolanma nedeniyle traktörün iş başarısı düşmekte ve yakıt tüketimi gereksiz yere artmaktadır. SP'nin dezavantajlarını gidermek için Döner Kulaklı Pulluk (DKP) kullanılmaktadır. DKP aynı çiziden gidip gelerek düz sürüm yapar. DKP ağır yapıya sahip olduğu için güçlü traktöre ihtiyaç duyar ve satın alma maliyeti SP'ye göre pahalı olduğu için çiftçi kolayca DKP satın alamaz. Bilim Sanayi ve Ticaret Bakanlığı'nın desteklediği SANTEZ projesi yardımıyla yapılan bu doktora tezinde SP ve DKP'ye alternatif olarak yeni bir tasarımla düz sürüm yapan pulluk, Çift Yönlü Kulaklı Pulluk (ÇYP) geliştirilmiştir. ÇYP'de kulak sayısı sabit kulaklı pulluğun kulak sayısına eşit olmak üzere güçlü traktör kullanımına ihtiyaç göstermez, daha hafif olduğu için DKP'nin dezavantajlarını ortadan kaldırmakta ve SP'ye göre düz sürüm yaptığı için iş başarısı yönünden daha avantajlı olup tarla tesviyesini korumaktadır. Döner Kulaklı Pulluğun dezavantajlarını gidermek ve aynı anda SP ve DKP'nin avantajlarını sağlamak için yeni tasarım ÇYP'nin fonksiyonel olup olmadığı % 50 ölçekli ilk modelle yapılan ön denemelerde denenmiş ve başarılı bulunmuştur. ÇYP tasarımında düz sürmede kullanılan mevcut döner kulaklı pullukların istenmeyen özellikleri göz önünde bulundurularak düz sürüm yapabilecek işleyici gövdeleri çift kulak şeklinde olan, hafif yapılı 1:1 ölçekli 3 farklı kulak tipinde ÇYP prototipi tasarlanmış ve imal edilmiştir. Pulluk prototiplerinden en uygun olan model seçilmiş ve bu pulluğun performansını belirlemek için tarla şartlarında işletme parametreleri SP ve DKP ile kıyaslanarak ölçülmüştür. Pullukların tarladaki işletme parametrelerinin ölçümü için, denemeler kumlu-tınlı toprak bünyesindeki Ege Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi Menemen Araştırma, Uygulama ve Üretim Çiftliği'nde, üç ilerleme hızında (2,8, 4,0 ve 4,9 km/h) kumlu-tınlı toprakta, 25 cm iş derinliğinde yapılmıştır. Araştırma iki aşamalı olarak yapılmıştır. Birinci aşamada, traktörün arkasında çeki kuvveti ölçer pimlerin bağlı olduğu özel 3 nokta asma sisteminde tüm pulluklar denenmiştir. Pulluklarla 3 farklı 25 cm derinlikte sürüm esnasında özgül yakıt tüketimleri, patinaj ve özgül çeki kuvveti değerleri ölçülmüştür. İkinci aşamada ise çeki kuvveti pimlerinin bağlı olduğu özel 3 nokta asma sistemi sökülmüş ve pulluklar direk olarak traktöre kendi 3 nokta asma sistemleriyle bağlanarak her bir pulluğun iş başarıları ortalama hız olan 3.6 km/h hızında ölçülmüştür. İş başarısı için parsel boyutları boy/en oranı 2 olarak alınmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre; pullukların özgül çeki kuvveti gereksinimleri hıza da bağlı olarak istatistiksel olarak önemli bulunmuştur. Özgül çeki kuvveti değerleri ÇYP 53,59 kN/m2 ile en yüksek değere sahipken SP 32,71 kN/m2ile en düşük özgül çeki kuvveti ihtiyacı göstermiştir. DKP nin özgül çeki kuvveti ihtiyacı 43,27 kN/m2olarak bulunmuştur. Pullukların yakıt tüketim değerleri,çeki kuvvetinde olduğu gibi istatistiksel olarak önemli bulunmuştur. ÇYP her üç ilerleme hızında da ortalama 31,44 l/ha ile en yüksek yakıt tüketimine sahiptir. SP 24,5 l/ha ile en düşük yakıt tüketimini gösterirken DKP de yakıt tüketimi 27,27l/ha olmuştur. En yüksek iş başarısı 0,43 ha/h ile DKP da bulunurken SP de ise en yüksek ilerleme hızına sahip olmasına rağmen 0,28 ha/h ile en düşük iş başarısına sahiptir. ÇYP'de iş başarısı 0,33 ha/h olarak DKP'nin altında bulunmuştur. ÇYP'nin işletme parametre sonuçlarını incelediğimizde, bazı iyileştirmelerin yapılması gerekliliği ortaya çıkmaktadır. Belirlenen imalattan kaynaklanan soruların çözülmesi ile fiyat ve malzemeden kaynaklanan avantajlara sahip ÇYP, DKP'ye alternatif olarak kullanılabilecektir.
Moldboard plough is quite widely used as a tillage tool in the conventional tillage system by farmers in the world. Farmer needs to get in the field either in the middle of the field or at the end of the field to till the soil with right-handed moldboard plough (RHP) since this plough only inverts the soil to the right side, this makes open or ridge furrow in the middle of the land. Beside this, working efficiency of the RHP and fuel consumption efficiency due to this unnecessary travel in the field decrease. To eliminate the disadvantages of the RHP, reversible plough (RP) is used. RP inverts the soil on both sides to get the right surface land. RP needs powerful tractor comparing to RHP due to its weight and farmer can not afford buying RP since its price is quite higher than the RHP. In this PhD thesis which was supported by Ministry of Science, Industry and Technology, new design of moldboard plough named Double Sided Moldboard Plough (DSP) was developed alternative to the RHP and RP. DSP does not require a powerful tractor due to its lighter weight than RP and its working efficiency is as same as RP since it inverts the soil on both sides, by that way, it keeps the land leveled. In order to avoid the disadvantages of the RHP and at the same time to use the advantages of the RP, new design of moldboard plough was developed. To examine if the new design is functioning well, new model plough with 50% scale was taken to the preliminary tests and was found successful. In this project, double sided 3 new 1:1 scale prototype moldboard plough which substitutes the RP and avoids its disadvantages, with light weight was designed and made in the shop. Then the most suitable model was selected and its working parameters were measured in field conditions to determine its performance according to the RHP and RP.To determine the working parameters of the ploughs, soil was ploughed at 25 cm depth with three different working speeds (2.8, 4.0 and 4.9 km/h) in sandy loam soil in research field of Menemen Research, Application and Production Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Ege University. Field experiments were conducted in two stages. In the first stage, ploughs were tested by mounting on the frame of tractor's three point hitch on which load cells are mounted for measuring draft. Ploughs were tested with three different speeds and during the experiment specific fuel consumptions, slip and draftof the ploughs were measured. In the second stage, working efficiencies of ploughs mounted directly to the tractor's three point hitch were measured at optimum speed of 3.6 km/h by detaching the frame of tractor's three point hitch on which load cells are mounted for measuring draft. Parcel size was taken according to the ratio of 2 which is length by width. According to the results; draft requirements of the ploughs were found statistically significant according to the plough types and tillage speeds. The highest specific draft was measured on DSP as 53.59 kN/m2, whereas RHP had the lowest specific draft of 32.71 kN/m2. The specific draft of RP was measured as 43.27 kN/m2. Fuel consumption values of ploughs were also found statistically important. The average fuel consumption of DSP for all three speeds were the highest as 31.44 l/ha while fuel consumptions of RHP was the lowest as 24.5 l/ha and RP required 27.27 l/ha fuel consumption. The highest working efficiency was found on RP as 0.43 ha/h, RHP had the lowest value as 0.28 ha/h although it had the highest tillage speed. Working efficiency of DSP was measured as 0.33 ha/h which was lower than RP. When we look at closely to the results of the working parameters; it seems obvious that some improvements should be made on DSP. With careful manufacturing and improvements, DSP will be an alternative to the RP because of its price and material advantage.
Moldboard plough is quite widely used as a tillage tool in the conventional tillage system by farmers in the world. Farmer needs to get in the field either in the middle of the field or at the end of the field to till the soil with right-handed moldboard plough (RHP) since this plough only inverts the soil to the right side, this makes open or ridge furrow in the middle of the land. Beside this, working efficiency of the RHP and fuel consumption efficiency due to this unnecessary travel in the field decrease. To eliminate the disadvantages of the RHP, reversible plough (RP) is used. RP inverts the soil on both sides to get the right surface land. RP needs powerful tractor comparing to RHP due to its weight and farmer can not afford buying RP since its price is quite higher than the RHP. In this PhD thesis which was supported by Ministry of Science, Industry and Technology, new design of moldboard plough named Double Sided Moldboard Plough (DSP) was developed alternative to the RHP and RP. DSP does not require a powerful tractor due to its lighter weight than RP and its working efficiency is as same as RP since it inverts the soil on both sides, by that way, it keeps the land leveled. In order to avoid the disadvantages of the RHP and at the same time to use the advantages of the RP, new design of moldboard plough was developed. To examine if the new design is functioning well, new model plough with 50% scale was taken to the preliminary tests and was found successful. In this project, double sided 3 new 1:1 scale prototype moldboard plough which substitutes the RP and avoids its disadvantages, with light weight was designed and made in the shop. Then the most suitable model was selected and its working parameters were measured in field conditions to determine its performance according to the RHP and RP.To determine the working parameters of the ploughs, soil was ploughed at 25 cm depth with three different working speeds (2.8, 4.0 and 4.9 km/h) in sandy loam soil in research field of Menemen Research, Application and Production Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Ege University. Field experiments were conducted in two stages. In the first stage, ploughs were tested by mounting on the frame of tractor's three point hitch on which load cells are mounted for measuring draft. Ploughs were tested with three different speeds and during the experiment specific fuel consumptions, slip and draftof the ploughs were measured. In the second stage, working efficiencies of ploughs mounted directly to the tractor's three point hitch were measured at optimum speed of 3.6 km/h by detaching the frame of tractor's three point hitch on which load cells are mounted for measuring draft. Parcel size was taken according to the ratio of 2 which is length by width. According to the results; draft requirements of the ploughs were found statistically significant according to the plough types and tillage speeds. The highest specific draft was measured on DSP as 53.59 kN/m2, whereas RHP had the lowest specific draft of 32.71 kN/m2. The specific draft of RP was measured as 43.27 kN/m2. Fuel consumption values of ploughs were also found statistically important. The average fuel consumption of DSP for all three speeds were the highest as 31.44 l/ha while fuel consumptions of RHP was the lowest as 24.5 l/ha and RP required 27.27 l/ha fuel consumption. The highest working efficiency was found on RP as 0.43 ha/h, RHP had the lowest value as 0.28 ha/h although it had the highest tillage speed. Working efficiency of DSP was measured as 0.33 ha/h which was lower than RP. When we look at closely to the results of the working parameters; it seems obvious that some improvements should be made on DSP. With careful manufacturing and improvements, DSP will be an alternative to the RP because of its price and material advantage.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Geleneksel Toprak İşleme, Düz Sürüm, Kulaklı Pulluk, Döner Kulaklı Pulluk, Çift Yönlü Kulaklı Pulluk, Conventional Tillage, Moldboard Plough, Reversible Plough, Double Sided Moldboard Plough
