Kırmızı pancardan renk maddesi ekstraksiyonunda ohmik ısıtma desteğinin kullanımı
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Dosyalar
Tarih
2021
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
Dergi ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Ege Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Bu tez çalışmasında ohmik ısıtma destekli ekstraksiyon (OIDE) sistemin
kurulumu gerçekleştirilerek, kırmızı pancar örneğinden 40 ℃ işlem sıcaklığında 1
saat süresince OIDE ve geleneksel ekstraksiyon (GE) yöntemleriyle renk maddesi
ekstrakte edilmiştir.
OIDE yönteminde 3 farklı çözgen tipi (tuzlu su, tuzlu su-etanol ve
asitlendirilmiş tuzlu su-etanol) üç farklı voltaj gradyanı (11, 17, 23 V/cm) ve üç
farklı frekans değeri (25, 100, 400 Hz) uygulanmıştır. GE yönteminde de aynı
çözgen tipleri ile çalışılmıştır. OIDE yönteminde, ısıtma ve ekstraksiyon süreçleri
olarak iki farklı bölgede efektif elektriksel iletkenlik (EEİ) katsayısı değerlerinin
değişimi incelenmiştir. Ekstraksiyon yöntemlerinin ekstrakt ve posanın bazı kalite
özellikleri (renk, TKM, suda çözünür kuru madde) ve ekstraksiyon verimleri
(betasiyanin, betaksantin, toplam renk maddesi verimleri) üzerine etkileri
incelenmiştir. OIDE işlemi kuramsal olarak incelenerek, model öngörülerinin
deneysel verilerle uyumu belirlenmiştir.
Ohmik ısıtma uygulama süresinin uygulanan voltaj gradyanı arttıkça azaldığı
tespit edilmiştir. Uygulanan frekans değerlerinin işlem süresini etkilemediği
belirlenmiştir (p>0.05). Isıtma bölgesinde EEİ değerinin sıcaklık artışı ile doğrusal
olarak arttığı tespit edilmiştir. Ekstraksiyon süreci sabit sıcaklıkta gerçekleştiği için
örneğin elektriksel iletkenlik değerinin sıcaklığa ve süreye bağlı değişiminin
önemsiz olduğu belirlenmiştir (p>0.05). OIDE yönteminin enerji ve ekserji
verimliliğinin GE yönteminden %40 daha fazla olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Tüm
frekanslarda, 17 ve 23 V/cm voltaj gradyanlarında, tuzlu su-etanol çözgeni ile betasiyanin ve betaksantin veriminin daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir (p<0.05).
GE yöntemine kıyasla OIDE yöntemi ile daha yüksek toplam ekstraksiyon verimi
elde edilmiştir (p<0.05). OIDE yöntemi ile elde edilen ekstraktın renk değerlerinin
(L*, a*, b*) GE yöntemine kıyasla daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir (p<0.05).
OIDE yöntemi ile gerçekleştirilen ekstraksiyon işlemi için en uygun işlem koşulu
tuzlu su-etanol çözgen tipinde 17 V/cm voltaj gradyanı ve 400 Hz frekans olarak
belirlenmiştir. OIDE yönteminin ısıtma bölgesinde ısı aktarımı, sonlu farklar
yöntemiyle kuramsal olarak incelenmiştir. Model yardımıyla öngörülen işlem
süresi ve deneysel işlem süresi arasındaki %farkın 4’ün altında olduğu tespit
edilmiştir. OIDE yönteminin ekstraksiyon bölgesinde ise kırmızı pancar ve çözgen
arasında gerçekleşen kütle transferi kuramsal olarak incelenmiştir. 0-20 dk ve 20-
60 dk işlem sürelerini kapsayan iki ayrı işlem periyodunda elde edilen deneysel
konsantrasyon (mol/m3) ve model öngörüsü arasındaki %farkın 4’ün altında olduğu
tespit edilmiştir.
Bu tez çalışmasında elde edilen verilerin ohmik ısıtma destekli ekstraksiyon
sistemleri ile renk maddesi eldesi amacı ile kullanılmasında literatüre değerli katkı
sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.
In this thesis, ohmic heating assisted extraction (OHAE) system was set up, and red beet was extracted about 1 hour at 40℃ process temperature by OHAE and conventional extraction (CE) methods. OHAE method was performed at 3 different voltage gradient (11, 17, 23 V/cm) and 3 different frequencies (25, 100, 400 Hz) with 3 different solvent types (salt solution, salt solution-ethanol, and acidified salt solution-ethanol). Also, GE method was performed with similar solvent types. The changes of effective electrical conductivity (E.C.) in two different regions of extraction process, named as heating and extraction periods, were investigated. The effects of OHAE and CE methods on some quality characteristics (color, total dry matter content, total soluble solids content) of extract and pomace, and extraction yields (betacyanin, betaxathin and total color matters yield) were investigated. OHAE method was mathematically modelled and suitability of model predictions with experimental data was determined. The ohmic heating treatment time decreased as the voltage gradient increased, (p<0.05, EK 1). It was obtained that the effect of frequency was insignificant for ohmic heating treatment time (p>0.05). In heating region, EEC increased linearly as the temperature increased. In extraction region, it was determined that the change of EEC depending on temperature and time was insignificant since the process was performed at a constant temperature (p>0.05). The energy and exergy efficiency values of the OHAE method were found to be 40% higher than the CE method. It was determined that the betaxanthine yield was obtained better with salt solution ethanol solvent at all frequencies and voltage gradient of 17 and 23 V/cm (p<0.05). The higher total extraction yield was obtained with OHAE method compared to CE method (p<0.05). The color values of the extract obtained by the OHAE method were determined to be higher than the CE method (p<0.05). For the extraction process performed by the OHAE method, the optimum conditions were determined as 17 V/cm voltage gradient, 400 Hz frequency and salt solution-ethanol solvent. The heating region of OHAE method was numerically modelled by finite differences method. It has been determined that the difference between the predicted and the experimental processing time was less than 4%. In the extraction region, the mass transfer between the red beet and solvent was also theoretically investigated. The difference between the experimental concentration (mol / m3) obtained in two different process periods (0-20 minutes and 20-60 minutes) and the model prediction was determined as below 4%. It is thought that the results obtained in this thesis will make a valuable contribution to the literature in the use of ohmic heating assisted extraction systems for the purpose of obtaining color matter.
In this thesis, ohmic heating assisted extraction (OHAE) system was set up, and red beet was extracted about 1 hour at 40℃ process temperature by OHAE and conventional extraction (CE) methods. OHAE method was performed at 3 different voltage gradient (11, 17, 23 V/cm) and 3 different frequencies (25, 100, 400 Hz) with 3 different solvent types (salt solution, salt solution-ethanol, and acidified salt solution-ethanol). Also, GE method was performed with similar solvent types. The changes of effective electrical conductivity (E.C.) in two different regions of extraction process, named as heating and extraction periods, were investigated. The effects of OHAE and CE methods on some quality characteristics (color, total dry matter content, total soluble solids content) of extract and pomace, and extraction yields (betacyanin, betaxathin and total color matters yield) were investigated. OHAE method was mathematically modelled and suitability of model predictions with experimental data was determined. The ohmic heating treatment time decreased as the voltage gradient increased, (p<0.05, EK 1). It was obtained that the effect of frequency was insignificant for ohmic heating treatment time (p>0.05). In heating region, EEC increased linearly as the temperature increased. In extraction region, it was determined that the change of EEC depending on temperature and time was insignificant since the process was performed at a constant temperature (p>0.05). The energy and exergy efficiency values of the OHAE method were found to be 40% higher than the CE method. It was determined that the betaxanthine yield was obtained better with salt solution ethanol solvent at all frequencies and voltage gradient of 17 and 23 V/cm (p<0.05). The higher total extraction yield was obtained with OHAE method compared to CE method (p<0.05). The color values of the extract obtained by the OHAE method were determined to be higher than the CE method (p<0.05). For the extraction process performed by the OHAE method, the optimum conditions were determined as 17 V/cm voltage gradient, 400 Hz frequency and salt solution-ethanol solvent. The heating region of OHAE method was numerically modelled by finite differences method. It has been determined that the difference between the predicted and the experimental processing time was less than 4%. In the extraction region, the mass transfer between the red beet and solvent was also theoretically investigated. The difference between the experimental concentration (mol / m3) obtained in two different process periods (0-20 minutes and 20-60 minutes) and the model prediction was determined as below 4%. It is thought that the results obtained in this thesis will make a valuable contribution to the literature in the use of ohmic heating assisted extraction systems for the purpose of obtaining color matter.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Ekstraksiyon, Ohmik, Kırmızı Pancar, Kalite, Verim, Elektriksel İletkenlik, Enerji, Ekserji, Kuramsal, Model, Extraction, Ohmic, Beetroot, Quality, Efficiency, Electrical Conductivity, Energy, Exergy, Theoretical, Model
