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Öğe Analysis of vocational training programmes in the Turkish pharmacısts’ association pharmacy academy from continuing professional development perspective [Türk eczacıları birliği eczacılık akademisi meslek içi eğitim programlarının sürekli mesleki gelişim perspektifinden analizi](Marmara University, 2015) Kiran B.Objective: Today, pharmacists’ systematic postgraduate training is increasingly gained importance with developments in science, technology and profession. In this study, it is intended to determine TPA Pharmacy Academy education subjects, training methods, prevalence, comprehensiveness and duration. Method: It is a cross-sectional, descriptive study. Population includes trainings conducted in 2009-2013 by TPA Pharmacy Academy. Trainings’ subjects, organized provinces, duration, methods, timeline were compiled scanning Academy’s website and TPA 37.-38. Period Study Reports. Data is assessed by frequency and percentage distributions using SPSS18 software package. Findings: It was determined that 275 vocational training programs organized by TPA Pharmacy Academy between 2009- 2013; most training held in 2010 (25,5%) and trainings reached slightly more than one-third(37%) of pharmacist chambers, and 33,8% of pharmacists in Turkey attended trainings. It was determined that main training topics (56,7%) comprised of pharmaceutical care and disease information, there is not any training on pharmaceutical legislation issues, sufficient preliminary work is not done for determining pharmacists’ demand in subject choice. It was found that mostly face-to-face teaching methods (58,9%) are applied but web-based interactive trainings, increasingly widespread in the world, never used. Conclusion: It was determined that continuous postgraduate trainings held by TPA cannot reach to all pharmacists, and comprehensiveness was very low. Need recognition is made to increase programs’ comprehensiveness and efficiency; it is underlined that planned trainings can be reached all pharmacists by performing independent from space and time with internetbased training techniques, and should be made compulsory. © 2015, Marmara University. All rights reserved.Öğe Can impairments of thyroid function test affect prognosis in patients with respiratory failure?(2007) Bacakoglu F.; Başoglu Ö.K.; Gürgün A.; Bayraktar F.; Kiran B.; Özhan M.H.Thyroid function test (TFT) impairments can be detected in extrathyroidal dysfunction, primarily in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with acute respiratory failure (RF). The aims of this study were to: (i) evaluate TFT impairments in patients with RF, (ii) compare TFT results to a control group without RF and (iii) assess the effects of thyroid dysfunction on clinical outcome and prognosis of RF. The TFT parameters were assessed in 65 patients (65.0 ± 10.0 years, 49 males) with RF and compared to 18 patients (64.4 ± 9.8 years, 13 males) with lung disease and no RF (p> 0.05). Arterial blood I gas analysis, free T3 (FT3), free T4 (FT4) and TSH levels were all measured. The impairments of TFT were demonstrated in \ 34 (52.3%) patients with RF and 8 (44.4%) patients without RF (p> 0.05). The most common finding was a decrease in at least one of the TFT parameters in both groups (43.1% vs. 44.4%, respectively), in RF group, there was no significant association between TFT results and gender, age, diagnosis and co-morbid disease. However, need for invasive mechanical ventilation was higher both in patients with low FT3 and low FT4 when compared to those with normal TFT results (p= 0.001 and p= 0.003, respectively). In-hospital mortality rate was also higher both in the patients with low FT3 and low FT4 than the others (p= 0.006 and p= 0.07, respectively). We conclude that TFT impairments are not observed more frequently in patients with RF when compared to the patients without RF. However, low FT3 and FT4 levels increase the rates of invasive mechanical ventilation and mortality.Öğe Deontological crimes of the community pharmacies in i·zmir [İzmir İlinde serbest eczanelerde deontolojik suçlar](Turkiye Klinikleri, 2013) Kiran B.; Mandiracioglu A.Objective: This research aimed to determine the characteristics of the pharmacists who committed deontological crimes and the types of deontological crimes in Izmir. Material and Methods: The study was designed as a descriptive retrospective review of files. Data were collected from the 312 files referred to the discipline committee of the Izmir Chamber of Pharmacist between 1985 and 2010 using a data collection form including 30 questions. Results: The most common crimes were behaviors originating from rivalry (52,6%), behaviors against pharmaceutics laws (24,4%) and crimes originating from the Social Security Institution (22,1%); rivalry based crimes were more remarkable among pharmacists 30-39 years old (30,6%) and among the pharmacies in regions with high socio-economic level (58,4%). The most common party that lodged a claim (41, 0 %) was pharmacists. Conclusion: The most common deontological violations arose from rivalry-based behaviour. Increasing the deterrence of the penalties and mandatory vocational trainings for pharmacists who commit illegal acts might be beneficial. © 2013 by Türkiye Klinikleri.Öğe Factors affecting professional preferences of first year students at ege university’s faculty of pharmacy [Ege üniversitesi eczacılık fakültesi 1.sınıf öğrencilerinin meslek tercihine etki eden faktörler](Marmara University, 2015) Kiran B.; Taşkiran E.G.It is known that various social and economic factors including employment opportunity, ability, interest, values, personality characteristics, family requests are effective today in choice of profession. It was seen major changes both in working conditions and education of the pharmacy profession because newly legal regulations in pharmaceutical field. It has gained importance to determine preferring causes for pharmacy faculties of freshmen; whether they are aware of new pharmaceutical legislation in preference stage; expectations from profession; whether new pharmaceutical legislation caused changes in qualifications and profile of students beside all changes. It is a cross-sectional, descriptive study. 12-question survey on socio-demographic characteristics of freshmen in Ege University, Pharmacy Faculty in 2014-2015, preferring causes for pharmacy faculty and thoughts on future of profession applied 102 students voluntarily and with self-reporting. Data are evaluated in 95% statistical confidence interval by frequency, percentage, chi-square tests using SPSS18 software package. It was understood that new legal regulations in pharmaceutical field caused decreases in base points for well-established pharmacy faculties in our country. In the study, there was no statistically significant relationship between gender of students and vocational area preferences after graduation (p > 0.05). Moreover; while community pharmacy was preferred over 60% before amendment, students who plan working as community pharmacy decreased to 32.4%. However, it is determined that vocational tendency has became to shift clinical pharmacy (21.6%), industrial pharmacy (8.8%), academic pharmacy (10.8%). It is considered that future of profession would depend realization of employment-enhancing policies in areas had intense interest. © 2015, Marmara University. All rights reserved.Öğe Opinions of pharmacists’ on effect levels of external factors on community pharmacy economies [Serbest eczane ekonomilerine etkili dışsal faktörlerin etki düzeyleri hakkındaki eczacı görüşleri](Marmara University, 2017) Kiran B.; Karaca E.; Ulkar D.Recently, new regulations were implemented to comply with health policies of European Union and World Health Organization, and to reduce health care cost in our country. These regulations were affected negatively pharmacy economies. Pharmacists had to struggle with numerous external factors to sustain their businesses. This study was conducted by face-to-face survey of 30 questions to 131 volunteer pharmacies in Izmir to identify pharmacists’ opinions about effect levels of external factors on community pharmacy economies such as similar product sellers, media, consumer features, Social Security Institution and government policies. Data were evaluated by frequency, percentage distribution and chi-square test using SPSS18 Package Program. According to pharmacists, the most important buyer is Social Security Institution(82.4%) and the most important external factor affecting sale of prescription drugs is health and drug policies(96.2%). However, nearly all pharmacists(97%) think that there is an increase for non-pharmaceutical products in the last few years due to decreased gain from drugs. Thus, it was increased the level of being affected of pharmacy economies by external factors. Advertisements(38.9%) and consumer features(33.6%) were identified as major external factors that affect sale of over-the-counter products. It was identified that 88.5% of pharmacists think that it is necessary to make regulations to support community pharmacy economies in health-drug policies by government for contribution of pharmacists to community health by reducing these external factors. Therefore, practices such as selling effective products for community health only at pharmacies and awareness of consumers, etc. should be implemented immediately. © 2017, Marmara University. All rights reserved.Öğe Pharmacy students' perceptions on pharmaceutical promotion [Eczaci{dotless}li{dotless} fakültesi ögrencilerinin İlaç tani{dotless}ti{dotless}mlari{dotless} hakki{dotless}ndaki göriişleri](Turkish Pharmacists Association, 2014) Mandiracioglu A.; Kiran B.The promotional activities of the pharmaceutical industry affect the behaviour of pharmacists. The aim of this study was to determine the opinions of pharmacy students on pharmaceutical promotions. A cross-sectional study was carried out at Ege University Faculty of Pharmacy. The population included 201 pharmacy students. A self-administered anonymous questionnaire included 15 Likert-type items. The students declared that 73.1% of them participated in company promotional activities. Most of the pharmacy students in the survey believed that company promotions could affect their own attitude to pharmaceuticals as well as influencing other health workers. Whereas 73.1% of the students claim that they attended promotion events, it is established that a significant majority of those think these promotions have an effect on both their and the other health personnel's attitude towards the drug. It is found that 23.9% of students show among their information sources about the drug as the company supported trainings and pharmaceutical representitives, whereas approximately 30% of those find such firm promotions non-ethical. The difference between the scale scores of these two groups of students are found to be statistically meaningful (p<0.05).Öğe The study of the relationship of the health policies and economic crises and deontological violations in community pharmacies in İzmi·r City [İzmi·r i·li· serbest eczaneleri·nde deontoloji·k i·hlalleri·n saglik poli·ti·kalari ve ekonomi·k kri·zlerle i·li·şki·si·ni·n i·ncelenmesi·](2009) Kiran B.This research is aimed to determine the diversity and prevalence of deontological violations seen in community pharmacies in the city of İzmir and to evaluate the relationship of these violations with health policies and economic crises. The research is cross-sectional. Data is compiled from 312 case files sent to Discipline Committee of İzmir Chamber of Pharmacist between the years of 1985-2010 with the help of a data form consisting 30 questions. Categorical variables are shown as numbers and percentages and in comparisons among groups 'Pearson chi square' test is used. More than half of the deontological violations (52.6%) are determined to be comprised of competition rooted behaviours. Of the wrongful acts against pharmacy laws, collusion (76.3%), of the acts contrary to competition laws, discounting drug prices (32.3%), violation of duty (17%), unfair competition by using promotion tools (15.3%) and not charging patient share (11%) are identified as the most common violations. With this study, it is indicated that deontological violations increase during economic crises and when the transition to market economies accelerates in health services (p < 0,001).Öğe Three-dimensional finite element analysis of stress distribution of two-retainer and single-retainer all-ceramic resin-bonded fixed partial dentures(Quintessence Publishing Co., Ltd, 2015) Toman M.; Toksavul S.; Sabanci S.; Kiran B.; Dikici S.; Sarikanat M.; Oflaz H.Objective: A long-term clinical study previously stated that adhesively luted resin-bonded fixed partial dentures (RBFPDs) with two retainers exhibited two complications (loss of adhesion or fracture between retainer and pontic) when compared to RBFPDs with a single retainer. The reasons for these complications were not reported. The aim of this study was to evaluate the stress distribution of two-retainer and singleretainer zirconium dioxide RBFPDs by using three-dimensional finite element analysis (3D FEA). Method and Materials: Two different 3D finite element models were created. Each model contained cortical bone, cancellous bone, periodontal ligament, cement, and enamel. Additionally one of the models contained a two-retainer zirconium dioxide RBFPD while another contained a single-retainer zirconium dioxide RBFPD. A 100 N force was applied at 45 degrees 2 mm below the incisal edge of the palatal surface of the pontic. In each model, Von Mises stress distribution was evaluated. Results: Maximum Von Mises stress values in RBFPD with a single retainer and two retainers were 1.13 MPa and 1.23 MPa, respectively. Von Mises stress was concentrated at the interface between pontic and retainer for RBFPD with two retainers. Conclusion: Zirconium dioxide RBFPD with a single retainer and two retainers exhibited similar stress concentrations between pontic and retainer. However, the use of a single retainer for RBFPDs prevented stress concentration at the interface between retainer and pontic. © Quintessenz. All right reserved.Öğe Trial processes of deontological crimes in Discipline Committee of İzmir Chamber of Pharmacists and High Discipline Committee of Turkish Association of pharmacists and determining the factors affecting them [Deontoloji·k suçlarin İzmi·r Eczaci Odasi Onur Urulu ve Türk eczacilari bi·rli·gi· yüksek onur kurulu'nda yargilama süreçleri· ve buna etki·li· faktörleri·n saptanmasi](2009) Kiran B.; Mandiracioglu A.This study is aimed to determine the differences between the features of the cases sent to Discipline Committee and differences of decisions made by High Discipline Committee and also to identify the features affecting these differences. The research is cross-sectional. The data is compiled from 312 case files sent to Discipline Committee between the years of 1985-2010 with the help of a data form consisting 30 questions. It was found out that more than half of the judgements were reversed by High Discipline Committee, of these 33.7% without due process of law 32.6% imbalance of offence and penalty were the reasons. The cases related to the actions contrary to the actions to the protocol rules of Social Security Institution awaited longer compared to other files (p<0.05). The cases that had the penalty of defrocking waited longer than the other cases in the board of administrators and they were concluded in a shorter time and also the cases given the pecuniary fine were concluded earlier than the others in High Discipline Committee. Results revealed that regulations intended to improve the committees' work are necessary.
