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    Culture proven extra pulmonary tuberculosis: Drug susceptibility and genetic profile analysis [Kültür ile kanıtlanmış akciğer dışı tüberküloz: Ilaç duyarlılığı ve genetik profil analizi]
    (Ankara University, 2018) Taşbakan M.S.; Akdağ D.; Kahraman H.; Akyol D.; Taşbakan M.; Çavuşoğlu C.
    Introduction: Tuberculosis is seen generally in the lungs. Besides, all organs in the body can be affected by tuberculosis. Diagnosis of extra pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) is more difficult than pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). Although, the isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is gold standard of diagnosis of EPTB, the rate of bacteriologic isolation is low especially in EPTB. If M. tuberculosis is detected, it gives some information about the epidemiological features of the disease and drug susceptibility. Materials and Methods: In this study, extra pulmonary samples isolated M. tuberculosis in mycobacteriology laboratory were evaluated between 2009-2016. The identification of the genotype of isolated bacteria and drug sensitivity tests were conducted. Spoligotyping was accomplished using a standard technique as described previously. Results: During the study period, M. tuberculosis were cultured in 171 extra pulmonary samples of 165 patients (75 male, 90 female, mean age: 53.35 ± 19.92). Initial direct microscopically examination was revealed M. tuberculosis in 44 patients. There were more than one extra pulmonary organ involvement in six patients. The most common EPTB forms were lymph node TB in 60 patients, pleural tuberculosis in 32 patients and bone tuberculosis in 25 patients. Immunosuppression was detected in 44 (%26.6) patients. Among these, seven patients were infected with HIV. In 21 of 175 samples, drug resistance was detected. Rifampicin resistance in 7 samples, high level isoniazid resistance in 11 samples and rifampicin plus isoniazid resistance (multiply drug resistance) in 6 samples were demonstrated. One hundred thirty-five clinical isolates were cultured from tuberculosis patient’s different samples, of which the genetic profile was determined by using Spoligotyping. The major Spoligotypes were T (n= 62; 45.9%), LAM7-TUR (ST41) (n= 11; 8.1%) and H 1 (n= 9; 6%) genotypes. Conclusion: The most common EPTB form was lymph node tuberculosis in culture proven patients. In these patients group, multiply drug resistance rate was low (3.6%). Spoligotypes T (45.9%) was detected as most common genetic profile. © 2018, Ankara University. All rights reserved.
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    Effects of a sexual health education programme on school psychological counsellor candidates’ sexism tendencies in Turkey
    (Routledge, 2017) Kahraman H.
    This study examined the effects of a sexual health curriculum developed for school psychological counsellors in Turkey on the sexual health knowledge of the participating candidates, their beliefs in sexual myths and their tendencies towards ambivalent sexism and sexism in romantic relationships. The study adopted a semi-experimental design. Study participants included an experimental group of 59 students from a programme of guidance and psychological counselling in Ege University’s Faculty of Education and a comparison group of 33 students from the Department of Psychology in the Faculty of Letters. Findings suggested that the sexual health education curriculum increased knowledge of sexuality, decreased beliefs in sexual myths, and decreased ambivalent sexism and sexism in romantic relationships among the candidates. © 2017 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
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    Investigation of bacterial and viral etiology in community acquired central nervous system infections with molecular methods [Toplum Kökenli Santral Sinir Sistemi Enfeksiyonlarinda Bakteriyel ve Viral Etiyolojinin Moleküler Yöntemlerle Degerlendirilmesi]
    (Ankara Microbiology Society, 2017) Kahraman H.; Tünger A.; Şenol S.; Gazi H.; Avci M.; Örmen B.; Türker N.; Atalay S.; Köse S.; Ulusoy S.; Taşbakan M.I.; Sipahi O.R.; Yamazhan T.; Gülay Z.; Çavuş S.A.; Pullukçu H.
    In this multicenter prospective cohort study, it was aimed to evaluate the bacterial and viral etiology in community-acquired central nervous system infections by standart bacteriological culture and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. Patients hospitalized with central nervous system infections between April 2012 and February 2014 were enrolled in the study. Demographic and clinical information of the patients were collected prospectively. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples of the patients were examined by standart bacteriological culture methods, bacterial multiplex PCR (Seeplex meningitis-B ACE Detection (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, Listeria monocytogenes, Group B streptococci) and viral multiplex PCR (Seeplex meningitis-VI ACE Detection kits herpes simplex virus-1(HSV1), herpes simplex virus-2(HSV2), varicella zoster virus (VZV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus 6 (HHV6)) (Seeplex meningitis-V2 ACE Detection kit (enteroviruses)). Patients were classified as purulent meningitis, aseptic meningitis and encephalitis according to their clinical, CSF (leukocyte level, predominant cell type, protein and glucose (blood/CSF) levels) and cranial imaging results. Patients who were infected with a pathogen other than the detection of the kit or diagnosed as chronic meningitis and other diseases during the follow up, were excluded from the study. A total of 79 patients (28 feMale, 51 Male, aged 42.1 ±18.5) fulfilled the study inclusion criteria. A total of 46 patients were classified in purulent meningitis group whereas 33 were in aseptic meningitis/encephalitis group. Pathogens were detected by multiplex PCR in 41 patients. CSF cultures were positive in 10 (21.7%) patients (nine S.pneumoniae, one H.influenzae) and PCR were positive for 27 (58.6%) patients in purulent meningitis group. In this group one type of bacteria were detected in 18 patients (14 S.pneumoniae, two N.meningitidis, one H.influenzae, one Lmonocytogenes). Besides, it is noteworthy that multiple pathogens were detected such as bacteria-virus combination in eight patients and two different bacteria in one patient. In the aseptic meningitis/encephalitis group, pathogens were detected in 14 out of 33 patients; single type of viruses in 11 patients (seven enterovirus, two HSV1, one HSV2, one VZV) and two different viruses were determined in three patients. These data suggest that multiplex PCR methods may increase the isolation rate of pathogens in central nervous system infections. Existence of mixed pathogen growth is remarkable in our study. Further studies are needed for the clinical relevance of this result.