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Öğe Advanced exergoeconomic analysis of a gas engine heat pump (GEHP) for food drying processes(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2015) Gungor, Aysegul; Tsatsaronis, George; Gunerhan, Huseyin; Hepbasli, ArifExergetic and exergoeconomic analyses are often used to evaluate the performance of energy systems from the thermodynamic and economic points of view. While a conventional exergetic analysis can be used to recognize the sources of inefficiencies, the so-called advanced exergy-based analysis is convenient for identifying the real potential for thermodynamic improvements and the system component interactions by splitting the exergy destruction and the total operating cost within each component into endogenous/ exogenous and unavoidable/avoidable parts. In this study for the first time an advanced exergoeconomic analysis is applied to a gas-engine-driven heat pump (GEHP) drying system used in food drying for evaluating its performance along with each component. The advanced exergoeconomic analysis shows that the unavoidable part of the exergy destruction cost rate within the components of the system is lower than the avoidable part. The most important components based on the total avoidable costs are drying ducts, the condenser and the expansion valve. The inefficiencies within the condenser could particularly be improved by structural improvements of the whole system and the remaining system components. Finally, it can be concluded that the internal design changes play a more essential role in determining the cost of each component. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Advanced Exergy Analysis of a Heat Pump Drying System Used in Food Drying(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2013) Erbay, Zafer; Hepbasli, ArifExergy analysis has been used as a powerful tool to study and optimize various types of energy systems. However, the methodology of splitting the exergy destructions (the so-called advanced exergy analysis) allows for a further understanding of the exergy destruction values to improve the system efficiency. In this study, advanced exergy analysis was applied to a pilot-scale heat pump drying system used in food drying for the first time to evaluate its performance at different drying temperatures. The results showed that inefficiencies within the compressor and condenser were mainly due to the internal operating conditions and the efficiencies in the evaporator and heat recovery system could be improved by structural improvements of the whole system and remaining system components.Öğe Analyzing the energy utilization efficiency of renewable energy resources. Part 1: Energy analysis method(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2006) Utlu, Zafer; Hepbasli, ArifEnergy consumption depends mainly on the available amounts of local resources, which are closely connected with the present rural economy and living standards. Recently, there has been increasing interest in using energy and exergy modeling techniques for energy utilization assessments in order to attain energy savings, and hence financial savings. The energy utilization of a country can be evaluated using exergy analysis to gain insights into its efficiency. The present study, consisting of two parts, deals with analyzing the energy utilization efficiency of renewable energy resources (RERs). Part 1 uses energy analysis method, while exergy analysis method is applied to Part 2. In the analysis, Turkey with a projected population of 76,840,418 in 2010, is given as an illustrative example. RERs considered are residential-commercial and industrial subsectors used in the Turkish conversion. The energy efficiency values for Turkey's RERs are projected to be 60.99% in 2010. Besides this, total energy utilization efficiency values for those are expected to be 49.85% in the same year. The present study has clearly indicated the necessity of the planned studies towards increasing renewable energy utilization efficiency in the sub-sectors studied and especially the critical role of policymakers in establishing effective energy-efficiency delivery mechanisms throughout the country. It is also expected that this study will fill a considerably large gap since it is the first attempt towards analyzing Turkey's RERs in 2010 in terms of energy utilization efficiencies.Öğe Analyzing the energy utilization efficiency of renewable energy resources. Part 2: Exergy analysis method(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2006) Hepbasli, Arif; Utlu, ZaferExergy analysis is a powerful tool in the design, simulation and performance evaluation of thermal and thermo chemical systems. A particular thermo dynamical system is the society of a country or a region. This method of exergy analysis has recently been used with an increasing interest to assess the energy utilization efficiencies of countries. Part 2 of the present study, which consists of two parts, analyzes the energy utilization efficiency of renewable energy resources (RERs) by using exergy analysis, while energy analysis of RERs has been presented in Part 1. Turkey, with a projected population of 76,840,418 in 2010, is analyzed as an application country. RERs studied are used in the Turkish conversion, residential-commercial and industrial subsectors. Total exergy inputs are projected to be 7,400.34 PJ, while RERs production values are expected to be 580.20 PJ. The energy and exergy efficiency values for the RERs of Turkey are projected to be 60.99% and 44.30% in 2010, respectively. Besides this, total energy and exergy utilization efficiency values for those are forecasted to be 49.85 and 27.94% in the same year, respectively. The present study has clearly indicated the necessity of the planned studies towards increasing RERs utilization efficiency in the subsectors studied, and especially the critical role of policymakers in establishing effective energy-efficiency delivery mechanisms throughout the country.Öğe Application of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) method to exergy analysis of thermodynamic systems(Ieee Computer Soc, 2009) Yoru, Yilmaz; Karakoc, T. Hikmet; Hepbasli, Arif; Wani, MA; Kantardzic, M; Palade, V; Kurgan, L; Qi, YExergy is a way to sustainable development and may be defined as the maximum theoretical useful work, while exergy analysis identifies the sources, the magnitude and the causes of thermodynamic inefficiencies within each system component. By using the ANN, exergy results can be obtained easily including closer results. The results were solved by CogeNNexT code developed by authors and Fast ANN (FANN) Library is implemented to this C++ code. The main objective of the present study is namely (i) to apply the ANN method to exergy analysis of thermodynamic systems by presenting the performance of the ANN method and (ii) to emphasize the definition of ANN inputs. It may be concluded that most of thermodynamic systems can be trained and analyzed by using the ANN method. It is expected that this study would be very beneficial to those dealing with the intelligent systems of the future.Öğe Assessing Exergy-Based Economic and Sustainability Analyses of a Military Gas Turbine Engine Fueled with Various Fuels(Mdpi, 2020) Yuksel, Burak; Gunerhan, Huseyin; Hepbasli, ArifThis research put forth exergy-based economic and sustainability analyses of a (J85-GE-5H) military turbojet engine (TJE). Firstly, sustainability, conventional exergoeconomic and advanced exergoeconomic cost analyses were executed utilizing kerosene fuel according to real engine working circumstances. the engine was likewise investigated parametrically, considering H(2)fuel utilization. the sustainable economic analysis assessment of the TJE was finally actualized by comparing the acquired outcomes for both fuels. the entire engine's unit exergy cost of product(cPr)with kerosene was determined 76.45 $/GJ for the military (MIL) process mode (PM), whereas it was computed 94.97 $/GJ for the afterburner (AB) PM. Given the use of H-2, thecPrincreased to 179 and 288 $/GJ for the aforementioned two modes, seriatim. While the sustainability cost index (SCI) values were obtained 52.86 and 78.84 $/GJ for the MIL and AB PM, seriatim, they became 128 and 244 $/GJ when considering H-2. Consequently, the higher exergy demolitions occurring in the afterburner exhaust duct (ABED) and combustion chamber (CC) sections led to higher exergy destruction costs in the TJE. However, the engine worked less cost efficient with H(2)fuel rather than JP-8 fuel because of the higher cost value of fuel.Öğe Assessment of finishing processes by exhaustion principle for textile fabrics: An exergetic approach(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2009) Cay, Ahmet; Tarakcioglu, Isik; Hepbasli, ArifThis study reveals the exergetic assessment of exhaustion processes for textile fabrics using actual operational data. The objective of the current work is to address the effects of the exhaust method parameters on exergy destruction and consumption rates. Additionally, a case study for cotton and polyester finishing processes was performed. The process temperature and time, water inlet temperature and liquor ratio were found to be the main parameters that affect exergy destruction rates. The effects of carry-over on exergy destruction rates were also investigated. It was shown that, 23% and 50% of total exergy destruction rate were occurred by the bleaching and the washing steps for cotton finishing, respectively, while 32% of total was accounted for the dyeing step of polyester finishing. The exergy efficiency of the finishing processes was obtained to be between 4.6% and 34.8% depending on the process variables. High temperature processes had higher exergy efficiency values. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Assessment of finishing processes by exhaustion principle for textile fabrics: An exergetic approach(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2009) Cay, Ahmet; Tarakcioglu, Isik; Hepbasli, ArifThis study reveals the exergetic assessment of exhaustion processes for textile fabrics using actual operational data. The objective of the current work is to address the effects of the exhaust method parameters on exergy destruction and consumption rates. Additionally, a case study for cotton and polyester finishing processes was performed. The process temperature and time, water inlet temperature and liquor ratio were found to be the main parameters that affect exergy destruction rates. The effects of carry-over on exergy destruction rates were also investigated. It was shown that, 23% and 50% of total exergy destruction rate were occurred by the bleaching and the washing steps for cotton finishing, respectively, while 32% of total was accounted for the dyeing step of polyester finishing. The exergy efficiency of the finishing processes was obtained to be between 4.6% and 34.8% depending on the process variables. High temperature processes had higher exergy efficiency values. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Assessment of the energy and exergy utilization efficiencies in the Turkish agricultural sector(John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2006) Utlu, Zafer; Hepbasli, ArifThis study deals with evaluating the energy and exergy utilization efficiencies in the Turkish agricultural sector over a 12-year period from 1990 to 2001. In the energy and exergy analyses, two main energy sources, namely fuels and electricity, are taken into consideration, while the sectoral energy and exergy efficiencies are compared for this period. These main energy sources include diesel for tractors and other vehicles, and electricity for pumps. Overall energy utilization efficiencies are obtained to vary between 29.1 and 41.1%, while overall exergy utilization efficiencies are found to range from 27.9 to 37.4% in the analysed years, respectively. It may be concluded that the present technique proposed here may be used as a useful tool in analysing and evaluating the energy and exergy utilization efficiencies, identifying energy efficiency and/or energy conservation opportunities and dictating the energy strategies of countries. Copyright (c) 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Öğe Auto-cascade refrigeration systems: A key review with energetic and exergetic perspectives(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2024) Karacayli, Ibrahim; Altay, Lutfiye; Hepbasli, ArifAuto-cascade refrigeration (ACR) systems are known for their innovative solutions, especially suitable for low and ultra-low temperature applications. However, ACR cycles are not solely confined to refrigeration applications; they are also utilized in heating and electricity generation cycles. While the fact that this subject has been addressed in only two studies in the literature reveals the gap in this regard, this study offers an important contribution by comprehensively reviewing ACR systems in terms of energy, exergy, exergoeconomics, and exergoenvironmental aspects for the first time to the best of the authors' knowledge. This review also differs from others in that it categorizes ACR cycles in their most general form and outlines basic operating principles not covered in previous reviews, such as not only refrigeration but also heating and electricity generation. Modifications aimed at improving ACR cycle performance are then summarized, covering both experimental and theoretical studies available in the literature. This review paper also addresses the selection of refrigerants. Another unique aspect of this study is its examination of the refrigerant mixtures used in ACR cycles based on the type of application and the improvements they involve. Finally, to illustrate the obtained results from review, the study concludes with an illustrative example, where an ACR cycle is modelled for performance evaluation in terms of energetic and exergetic aspects. This work is expected to be highly beneficial for individuals interested in the design, simulation, analysis, and performance assessment of ACR cycles.Öğe Biomass-based hydrogen production: A review and analysis(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2009) Kalinci, Yildiz; Hepbasli, Arif; Dincer, IbrahimIn this study, various processes for conversion of biomass into hydrogen gas are comprehensively reviewed in terms of two main groups, namely (i) thermo-chemical processes (pyrolysis, conventional gasification, supercritical water gasification (SCWG)), and (ii) biological conversions (fermentative hydrogen production, photosynthesis, biological water gas shift reactions (BWGS)). Biomass-based hydrogen production systems are discussed in terms of their energetic and exergetic aspects. Literature studies and potential methods are then summarized for comparison purposes. in addition, a biomass gasification process via oxygen and steam in a downdraft gasifier is exergetically studied for performance assessment as a case study. The operating conditions and strategies are really important for better performance of the system for hydrogen production. A distinct range of temperatures and pressures is used, such as that the temperatures may vary from 480 to 1400 degrees C, while the pressures are in the range of 0.1-50 MPa in various thermo-chemical processes reviewed. For the operating conditions considered the data for steam biomass ratio (SBR) and equivalence ratio (ER) range from 0.6 to 10 and 0.1 to 0.4, respectively. In the study considered, steam is used as the gasifying agent with a product gas heating value of about 10-1S MJ/Nm(3), compared to an air gasification of biomass process with 3-6 MJ/Nm(3). The exergy efficiency value for the case study system is calculated to be 56.8%, while irreversibility and improvement potential rates are found to be 670.43 and 288.28 kW, respectively. Also, exergetic fuel and product rates of the downdraft gasifier are calculated as 1572.08 and 901.64 kW, while fuel depletion and productivity lack ratios are 43% and 74.3%, respectively. (C) 2009 Professor T. Nejat Veziroglu. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Biomass-based hydrogen production: A review and analysis(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2009) Kalinci, Yildiz; Hepbasli, Arif; Dincer, IbrahimIn this study, various processes for conversion of biomass into hydrogen gas are comprehensively reviewed in terms of two main groups, namely (i) thermo-chemical processes (pyrolysis, conventional gasification, supercritical water gasification (SCWG)), and (ii) biological conversions (fermentative hydrogen production, photosynthesis, biological water gas shift reactions (BWGS)). Biomass-based hydrogen production systems are discussed in terms of their energetic and exergetic aspects. Literature studies and potential methods are then summarized for comparison purposes. in addition, a biomass gasification process via oxygen and steam in a downdraft gasifier is exergetically studied for performance assessment as a case study. The operating conditions and strategies are really important for better performance of the system for hydrogen production. A distinct range of temperatures and pressures is used, such as that the temperatures may vary from 480 to 1400 degrees C, while the pressures are in the range of 0.1-50 MPa in various thermo-chemical processes reviewed. For the operating conditions considered the data for steam biomass ratio (SBR) and equivalence ratio (ER) range from 0.6 to 10 and 0.1 to 0.4, respectively. In the study considered, steam is used as the gasifying agent with a product gas heating value of about 10-1S MJ/Nm(3), compared to an air gasification of biomass process with 3-6 MJ/Nm(3). The exergy efficiency value for the case study system is calculated to be 56.8%, while irreversibility and improvement potential rates are found to be 670.43 and 288.28 kW, respectively. Also, exergetic fuel and product rates of the downdraft gasifier are calculated as 1572.08 and 901.64 kW, while fuel depletion and productivity lack ratios are 43% and 74.3%, respectively. (C) 2009 Professor T. Nejat Veziroglu. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Comparative analysis of a modified cascade refrigeration cycle including an auto-cascade refrigeration cycle using different zeotropic refrigerant mixtures for reducing the environmental impact(Elsevier, 2024) Karacayli, Ibrahim; Altay, Lutfiye; Hepbasli, ArifThe two primary challenges in auto-cascade refrigeration (ACR) cycles are high compressor discharge temperatures and low efficiency at ultra-low temperatures. This study proposes a modified cascade refrigeration cycle (MCR) combined with an ACR cycle for cooling to -60 degrees C. The innovative aspect of this work is to improve the ACR performance with simpler designs without increasing the system complexity, contrary to the common trend. For the high-temperature cycle (HTC), a dual evaporator refrigeration cycle with R1234yf is used while an ACR cycle is used for the low-temperature cycle (LTC). Environmentally friendly refrigerant mixtures, such as R170/ R290, R170/R600a, and R170/R600, were analyzed using energy, exergy, and exergoeconomic methods. The results show that compared to R23/R134a, the R170/R600 significantly improves the performance of the MCR by increasing the COP and exergy efficiency by 24.0 %, and reducing the exergy destruction by 26 %, unit cooling cost by 11.2 %, and total investment cost by 9.7 %. Moreover, when compared with theoretical studies COP improvements range from 38.7 % to 94.1 %, demonstrating the importance and superiority of the system proposed in this study.Öğe Comparative Performance Metric Assessment of A Military Turbojet Engine Utilizing Hydrogen and Kerosene Fuels Through Advanced Exergy Analysis Method(Mdpi, 2020) Yuksel, Burak; Balli, Ozgur; Gunerhan, Huseyin; Hepbasli, ArifThis study dealt with evaluating the (J85-GE-5H) military turbojet engine (TJE) in terms of exergetic and advanced exergetic analyses at Military (MIL) and Afterburner (AB) process modes by utilizing kerosene (JP-8) and hydrogen (H-2) fuels. First, exergy and advanced exergy analyses of the engine were performed using JP-8 fuel as per actual engine operating conditions. These analyses of the turbojet engine using hydrogen fuel were also examined parametrically. the performance evaluation of the engine was lastly executed by comparing the obtained results for both fuels. Based on the parametric studies undertaken, the entire engine's exergetic efficiency with JP-8 was reckoned 30.85% at the MIL process mode while it was calculated as 16.98% at the AB process mode. With the usage of H-2, the efficiencies of the engine decreased to 28.62% and 15.33% for the above mentioned two modes, respectively. As the supreme exergy destructions occurred in the combustion chamber (CC) and afterburner exhaust duct (ABED) segments, the new technological developments should be considered to design more efficient engines. As a result, the engine worked less efficiently with hydrogen fuel due to the enhancement in exergy destructions. Conversely, the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission parameters lessened with the utilization of H-2 fuel.Öğe A comparative study on energetic, exergetic and environmental performance assessments of novel M-Cycle based air coolers for buildings(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2012) Caliskan, Hakan; Dincer, Ibrahim; Hepbasli, ArifIn this study, three various novel air coolers based on M-Cycle are evaluated using energy and exergy analyses based efficiency assessments along with environmental impact and sustainability parameters. The M-Cycle systems are considered to cool a building room air while their inlet air parameters are same, but outlet cooled air parameters are different. Systems I and III draw electricity directly taken from an electric grid in the building while System II, which is stand alone system, produces and draws electricity from its solar PV panels. In the energy analysis, wet bulb effectiveness, cooling capacity. Coefficient of Performance (energetic COP) and Primary Energy Ratio (PER) are found. In the exergy analysis, exergy input and output rates, exergy loss rate, exergy destruction rate, Exergetic Coefficient of Performance (COPex), Primary Exergy Ratio (PExR) and exergy efficiency are obtained for six different dead state temperatures changing between 10 degrees C and 35 degrees C. Also, sustainability assessments of the systems are obtained using sustainability index (SI) tool for these various dead state temperatures. Finally, environmental assessments of the systems are calculated from their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (gCO(2)/kW h) due to their electricity consumptions. Maximum exergy efficiencies and sustainability assessments are found to be 35.13% and 1.5415 for System III and 34.94% and 1.5372 for System II, respectively. GHG emissions of the systems are calculated to be 2119.68 gCO(2)/day, 153.6 gCO(2)/day and 3840 gCO(2)/day for Systems I, II and III respectively. So, System II becomes a good choose to prevent the global warming and to attain sustainable future. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe A comparative study on exergetic assessment of two ground-source (geothermal) heat pump systems for residential applications(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2007) Akpinar, Ebru Kavak; Hepbasli, ArifGround source heat pumps (GSHPs), also known as geothermal heat pumps (GHPs), have been widely used for years in developed countries due to their higher energy utilization efficiencies than those of both conventional heating and cooling systems. However, they have been applied to the Turkish residential buildings since 1997. This study deals with the exergetic performance evaluation of two types of GSHP systems installed in Turkey based on the actual operational data. The fist one is a GSHP system designed and constructed for investigating geothermal resources with low temperatures, while the second one is a GSHP system with a vertical ground heat exchanger. In the analysis, four balance (mass, energy, entropy and exergy) equations are applied to the two GSHP systems considered for modeling purposes in a tabulated form. Exergy (second law) efficiency values for both systems are given, while exergy destructions in each of the system components are determined to assess their individual performances by presenting the potential for improvements. It may be concluded that the exergetic evaluation method presented here may be applied to other GSHP systems worldwide as a useful tool, which is a way to sustainable development. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe A comprehensive evaluation of PV electricity production methods and life cycle energy-cost assessment of a particular system(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2019) Ozcan, Huseyin Gunhan; Gunerhan, Huseyin; Yildirim, Nurdan; Hepbasli, ArifThis paper presents the study about electricity generation from solar photovoltaic technology based on four different methodologies with some performance indicators, namely performance ratio, system efficiency, fill and capacity utilization factors, respectively. In this regard, not only theoretical approach and simulation programs (PVSOL and TRNSYS) were used to determine annual production, but also experimental studies were carried out for the validation. While annual sum of electricity generation was evaluated between 3,913.84 and 4,323.94 kWh, the PVSOL program was determined to be the method that best reflected the experimental studies with a rate of 94.33%. Moreover, while fill and capacity utilization factors were annually obtained to be almost similar, annual values for the performance ratio and system efficiency were evaluated to be partially close to each other based on the theoretical approach and PVSOL program. Besides evaluation of the power production and performance indicators, a life cycle energy analysis was also made for a particular system with a capacity of 2.55 kWp and energy payback periods were obtained to be between 1.99 and 2.54 years considering four different methodologies. Moreover, the life cycle cost analysis was performed with or without battery option and some improvement proposals were presented for the energy market to become investable. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Determination of optimum pipe diameter along with energetic and exergetic evaluation of geothermal district heating systems: Modeling and application(Elsevier Science Sa, 2008) Kalinci, Yidiz; Hepbasli, Arif; Tavman, IsmailThis study deals with determination of optimum pipe diameters based on economic analysis and the performance analysis of geothermal district heating systems along with pipelines using energy and exergy analysis methods. In this regard, the Dikili geothermal district heating system (DGDHS) in Izmir, Turkey is taken as an application place, to which the methods presented here are applied with some assumptions. The system mainly consists of three cycles, namely (i) the transportation network, (ii) the Danistay region, and (iii) the Bariskent region. The thermal capacities of these regions are 21,025 and 7975 kW, respectively, while the supply (flow) and return temperature values of those are 80 and 50 degrees C, respectively. Based upon the assessment of the transportation network using the optimum diameter analysis method, minimum cost is calculated to be US$ 561856.906 year(-1) for a nominal diameter of DN 300. The exergy destructions in the overall DGDHS are quantified and illustrated using exergy flow diagram. Furthermore, both energy and exergy flow diagrams are exhibited for comparison purposes. It is observed through analysis that the exergy destructions in the system particularly take place due to the exergy of the thermal water (geothermal fluid) reinjected, the heat exchanger losses, and all pumps losses, accounting for 38.77%, 10.34%, 0.76% of the total exergy input to the DGDHS. Exergy losses are also found to be 201.12817 kW and 1.94% of the total exergy input to the DGDHS for the distribution network. For the system performance analysis and improvement, both energy and exergy efficiencies of the overall DGDHS are investigated. while they are determined to be 40.21% and 50.12%, respectively. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Determination of the optimum tilt angle of solar collectors for building applications(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2007) Gunerhan, Huseyin; Hepbasli, ArifSolar energy technologies offer a clean, renewable and domestic energy source, and are essential components of a sustainable energy future. This paper deals with the determination of the optimum tilt angle of solar collectors for building applications. The optimum angle is calculated by searching for the values for which the total radiation on the collector surface is a maximum for a particular day or a specific period. An application of the model is done using the experimental data measured for Izmir in Turkey. The best orientation for solar collectors in Izmir is due south. For increasing the utilization efficiency of solar collectors, it is recommended that, if it is possible, the solar collector should be mounted at the monthly average tilt angle and the slope adjusted once a month. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Development and applications of clean coal fluidized bed technology(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2006) Eskin, Nurdil; Hepbasli, ArifPower generation in Europe and elsewhere relies heavily on coal and coal-based fuels as the source of energy. The reliance will increase in the future due to the decreasing stability of price and security of oil supply. In other words, the studies on fluidized bed combustion systems, which is one of the clean coal technologies, will maintain its importance. The main objective of the present study is to introduce the development and the applications of the fluidized bed technology (FBT) and to review the fluidized bed combustion studies conducted in Turkey. The industrial applications of the fluidized bed technology in the country date back to the 1980s. Since then, the number of the fluidized bed boilers has increased. The majority of the installations are in the textile sector. In Turkey, there is also a circulating fluidized bed thermal power plant with a capacity of 2 x 160 MW under construction at Can in Canakkale. It is expected that the FBT has had, or will have, a significant and increasing role in dictating the energy strategies for Turkey.
