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    Atomoxetine response in the inattentive and combined subtypes of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A retrospective chart review
    (2013) Ercan E.S.; Akyol Ardic U.; Kabukcu Basay B.; Ercan E.; Basay O.
    The DSM-IV-TR (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 1994, American Psychiatric Association) describes attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as a heterogeneous disorder; providing diagnostic criteria for three subtypes: hyperactive/impulsive (ADHD/HI), inattentive (ADHD/I), and combined type (ADHD/C). Differences among the subtypes are well defined, but there may be also differences in terms of treatment responses. The aim of this study is to assess the responses of ADHD/I and ADHD/C to atomoxetine treatment. The medical records of the January-June 2012 term, first time referrals to outpatient clinic, were reviewed, and 37 ADHD diagnosed primary school age children (18 ADHD/I, 19 ADHD/C) that were treated with atomoxetine were determined. Thirty-five of them who completed 8 weeks of treatment duration were recruited for the study. The children with an ADHD medication use history in 2 months time prior to onset of treatment and/or the children receiving additional psychopharmacologic treatment to atomoxetine were excluded. Baseline and eighth week assessment, records were evaluated. Efficacy assessments included Turgay DSM-IV ADHD Screening and Rating Scale parent and teacher forms (T-DSM-IV) and Clinical Global Impression Scale-Severity and Improvement subscales. Safety assessments included laboratory and body weight assessments, ECG, heart rate, and blood pressure evaluations (baseline and eighth week) along a scale filled by the parents at the eighth week to review side effects. Atomoxetine was found to be effective in both ADHD/I and ADHD/C groups. Atomoxetine also decreased the opposition defiance subscale scores of T-DSM-IV (both parent and teacher forms), whereas it was not found to make statistically significant difference in the conduct disorder subscale scores. Mean difference in 8-week time in T-DSM-IV hyperactivity subscale and total scores of parent and teacher forms; inattention subscale scores of only parent forms and the CGI- severity subscale scores; differed significantly among the ADHD/I and ADHD/C groups; that ADHD/C types responded better to medication. Results of this study revealed that atomoxetine is effective both in ADHD/I and ADHD/C subtypes. ADHD/C types may be responding better to atomoxetine treatment than the ADHD/I subtypes. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Wien.
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    Brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene val66met polymorphism is a risk factor for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in a Turkish sample
    (Korean Neuropsychiatric Association, 2016) Ozturk O.; Basay B.K.; Buber A.; Basay O.; Alacam H.; Bacanli A.; Yilmaz Ş.G.; Erdal M.E.; Herken H.; Ercan E.S.
    Objective Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that negatively affects different areas of life. We aimed to evaluate the associations between the Val66Met polymorphism of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and ADHD and to assess the effect of the BDNF polymorphism on the neurocognitive profile and clinical symptomatology in ADHD. Methods Two hundred one ADHD cases and 99 typically developing subjects (TD) between the ages of 8 and 15 years were involved in the study. All subjects were evaluated using a complete neuropsychological battery, Child Behavior Checklist, the Teacher’s Report Form (TRF) and the DSM-IV Disruptive Behavior Disorders Rating Scale-teacher and parent forms. Results The GG genotype was significantly more frequent in the patients with ADHD than in the TD controls, and the GG genotype was also significantly more frequent in the ADHD-combined (ADHD-C) subtype patients than in the TDs. However, there were no significant associations of the BDNF polymorphism with the ADHD subtypes or neurocognitive profiles of the patients. The teacher-assessed hyperactivity and inattention symptom count and the total score were higher, and the appropriately behaving subtest score of the TRF was lower in the GG genotypes than in the GA and AA (i.e., the A-containing) genotypes. Conclusion We found a positive association between the BDNF gene Val66Met polymorphism and ADHD, and this association was observed specifically in the ADHD-C subtype and not the ADHD-predominantly inattentive subtype. Our findings support that the Val66Met polymorphism of BDNF gene might be involved in the pathogenesis of ADHD. Furthermore Val66Met polymorphism of BDNF gene may be more closely associated with hyperactivity rather than inattention. © 2016 Korean Neuropsychiatric Association.
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    Children aggression scale-parent version (CAS-P): Turkish validity and reliability study [Çocuklar için saldırganlık ölçeği anne-baba formu: Türkçe geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması]
    (Cukurova University, Faculty of Medicine, 2016) Ercan E.; Ercan E.S.; Akyol Ardiç Ü.; Uçar S.
    Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Children Aggression Scale-Parent Version. CAS-P developed to help evaluate severity, frequency and diversity of aggressive behavior. Methods: The scale has 33 items representing five domains. The CAS-P was completed for 473 clinically referred children’s parents. Validity was evaluated by examining the relationship of CAS-P scores to other criteria parent rating scales and for the construct validity confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted. For the reliability the internal consistency were examined. Results: Consistent with previous research, confirmatory factor analysis of the CAS-P confirmed the good-fit of the original model (?2=842.15; sd=302; ?2/sd)=2.7; RMSEA=0.069; CFI=0.96; NFI=0.95). In order to test the scale for construct validity, the Child Behavior Checklist/4-18 and DSM-IV based Behavior Disorder Screening and rating scale were administered to participants, and the correlations with clinical constructs were in the expected direction. Also the reliability analysis revealed that the CAS-P subscales demonstrated high internal consistency. Conclusion: In the light of the findings, it was concluded that the Turkish version of CAS-P could be used as a reliable and valid tool in research and treatment contexts. © 2016, Cukurova University, Faculty of Medicine. All rights reserved.
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    Comparisons between sluggish cognitive tempo and ADHD-restrictive inattentive presentation phenotypes in a clinical ADHD sample
    (Springer-Verlag Wien, 2019) Ünsel-Bolat G.; Ercan E.S.; Bolat H.; Süren S.; Bacanlı A.; Yazıcı K.U.; Rohde L.A.
    There is a debate how different ADHD cases with a comorbid sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) phenotype are from subjects with a pure inattentive ADHD presentation (ADHD-restrictive inattentive presentation). In this study, 214 patients aged 8–15 years from an ADHD outpatient clinic were assessed, and 100 typically developing controls (TD) were recruited as comparisons. No psychiatric comorbidities except for oppositional defiant disorder were allowed. We compared 29 cases with ADHD + SCT with 34 ADHD-RI cases and 92 TD subjects on sociodemographic profiles, CBCL subscales scores and neurocognitive findings. Regarding sociodemographic profiles (age, gender and parental education) and CBCL subscales, ADHD + SCT and ADHD-RI cases did not differ in any score (all p > 0.05). Comparing with SCT cases, ADHD-RI cases presented slower psychomotor speed and worse neurocognitive index (p < 0.001). We found that only SCT was independently associated with a lower performance in total memory score. ADHD-RI was independently associated with longer reaction time. Our findings suggest that although SCT might be expected to present longer reaction time, we found that slower psychomotor speed and longer reaction time scores were related to inattention. Overall, SCT and ADHD-RI groups were distinguished by differential associations with measures of memory and reaction time. © 2019, Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature.
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    Does the quality of life in autism spectrum disorder differ from other chronic disorders and healthy children? [Otizm spektrum bozukluğunda yaşam kalitesi diğer kronik hastalıklardan veya sağlıklılardan farklı mıdır?]
    (Cukurova University, Faculty of Medicine, 2016) Öztürk Ö.; Erermış S.; Ercan E.S.; Gülen F.; Kabukçu Başay B.; Başay Ö.; Köse S.; Özgün Öztürk F.; Alacam H.; Aydin C.
    Objective: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by deficits in social interaction, communication, re-stricted interests, and repetitive patterns of behavior. This study examined quality of life (QoL) and related clinical factors in children with ASD, compared to children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), children with asthma, and healthy controls (HC). Methods: QoL was assessed by the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory 4.0 (PedsQLTM 4.0). Additionally, parents of the children provided sociodemographic information and filled out an evaluation questionnaire, child behavior check list (CBCL), and Turgay DSM-IV Disruptive Behavior Disorders Rating Scale (T-DSM-IV-S). Results: The physical health, psychosocial health, social functioning, and scale total score of the ASD group were significantly lower than those of the three comparison groups. The school functioning score domain was lower in the ASD group than in the asthma and HC groups. In contrast, the emotional functioning domain assessments did not reveal statistically significant differences between the ASD group and the comparison groups. In the ASD group, the total problem score, inattention, and hyperactivity scores were significantly higher than both the asthma and HC groups, and the internalizing scores were higher than the healthy group. Conclusion: The poor QoL is most likely due to functional losses and problem behaviors related to ASD and may negatively affect not only children with ASD but also the whole life of the family. © 2016, Cukurova University, Faculty of Medicine. All rights reserved.
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    Effect of methylphenidate on emotional dysregulation in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder + oppositional defiant disorder/conduct disorder
    (Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2017) Kutlu A.; Akyol Ardic U.; Ercan E.S.
    Background and Aim Emotional dysregulation (ED) is a frequent feature of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It can be observed as a dysregulation profile or a deficient emotional self-regulation (DESR) profile. Oppositional defiant disorder/conduct disorder (ODD/CD) comorbidity is prevalent in ADHD and known to be related with ED. The first-line treatment of ADHD includes psychostimulants, but their effects on ED are not well studied. This study aimed to evaluate the outcomes of methylphenidate (MPH) treatment on ED in ADHD + ODD/CD cases. Methods A total of 118 ADHD + ODD/CD patients with a mean age of 9.0 ± 1.9 years were treated with MPH for 1 year. Also, parents of cases were recruited for a parent-training program, which initiated after first month of MPH treatment. Symptom severity was assessed at baseline and 12th month by Turgay Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition-Based Child and Adolescent Behavior Disorders Screening and Rating Scale-Parent Form, Children Depression Inventory, Child Behavior Checklist 4-18 years, and Parental Acceptance and Rejection Questionnaire-Mother Form. Results Emotional dysregulation (DESR + DP) was present in 85.6% of cases. Conduct disorder was significantly higher in patients with DP, whereas ODD was significantly higher in the DESR and non-ED groups (P < 0.0001). Symptoms of ADHD and ED were significantly improved with 1-year of MPH treatment (P < 0.05). The improvement in ED was independent of improvement in ADHD symptoms and parent training (P < 0.05). Conclusions Emotional dysregulation is highly prevalent in disruptive behavioral disorders as ODD and CD, which are comorbid with ADHD. The MPH treatment is effective on ED independently from other clinical determinants. © Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
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    Effect of methylphenidate on neurocognitive test battery: An evaluation according to the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition, subtypes
    (Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2014) Durak S.; Ercan E.S.; Ardic U.A.; Yuce D.; Ercan E.; Ipci M.
    The aims of this study were to evaluate the neuropsychological characteristics of the restrictive (R) subtype according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition and the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) combined (CB) type and predominantly inattentive (PI) type subtypes and to evaluate whether methylphenidate (MPH) affects neurocognitive test battery scores according to these subtypes. This study included 360 children and adolescents (277 boys, 83 girls) between 7 and 15 years of age who had been diagnosed with ADHD and compared the neuropsychological characteristics and MPH treatment responses of patients with the R subtype - which has been suggested for inclusion among the ADHD subtypes in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition - with those of patients with the PI and CB subtypes. They did not differ from the control subjects in the complex attention domain, which includes Continuous Performance Test, Stroop test, and Shifting Attention Test, which suggests that the R subtype displayed a lower level of deterioration in these domains compared with the PI and CB subtypes. The patients with the CB and PI subtypes did not differ from the control subjects in the Continuous Performance Test correct response domain, whereas those with the R subtype presented a poorer performance than the control subjects. The R subtype requires a more detailed evaluation because it presented similar results in the remaining neuropsychological evaluations and MPH responses. Copyright © 2014 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
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    The effects of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder on clothing selection and habits among Turkish University students
    (Springer-Verlag Wien, 2015) Ercan E.; İpci M.; İnci S.B.; Ercan E.; Ercan E.S.
    The purpose of this study was to identify the factors that influence the shopping attitudes of college students with and without ADHD. This study also examined the effects of ADHD on the academic and social lives of college students. The sample consisted of 219 university students. These students were interviewed by a psychiatrist with regard to ADHD symptoms according to the DSM-IV. The Adult ADHD Self Report Scale (ASRS), the Teen Interpersonal Influence Scale, and a demographic information form were used as measurement devices. The ADHD and control groups were classified in three different ways: (1) met the ADHD criteria for both Clinical Diagnosis and the ASRS; (2) met only the criteria for Clinical Diagnosis; or (3) met only the criteria of the ASRS. Our research shows that individuals with ADHD experience more problems with money management and are more affected by the media, friends, and brands compared with individuals without ADHD. Smoking and alcohol use disorders, accidents, being held back, and disciplinary actions often accompany ADHD in college students. To the best of our knowledge, the shopping attitudes of young adults with ADHD and the influence of the media, peers, family, and brands have not been studied until now. © 2014, Springer-Verlag Wien.
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    Efficacy and safety profile of risperidone long-acting injection in adolescents in a real-life setting
    (Korean College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 2018) Ardic U.A.; Küçükköse M.; Inci S.B.; Ercan E.S.
    Objective: Risperidone long-acting injection (RLAI) was shown to be an alternative option in adult patients, but there is not available data in child and adolescents about this medication. The aim of this study is to evaluate the safety and efficiency profile of RLAI in a group of adolescents. Methods: Eleven cases with conduct disorder and severe aggressive behaviors were initiated treatment with risperidone oral form. All cases were then shifted to RLAI 25 mg injection in each 15 days due to poor compliance to oral risperidone treatment. Efficiency of treatment included indicators of clinical severity and improvement, which were evaluated by Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) and Improvement (CGI-I). Safety evaluation was performed by using Extrapyramidal Symptoms Rating Scale, and by monitoring body weight. Follow-up visits were done at the treatment initiation, and 8th, 16th, and 24th weeks of first injection. Results: Study included 9 girls, and 2 boys, with a mean age of 14.9±1.0 years. The CGI-S scores decreased from 6.6±0.5 at the beginning to 2.2±1.1 at the last visit (p< 0.001), which is a very significant decrease through better clinical level. The CGI-I scores were also improved significantly from 2.4±0.5 to 1.9±0.5 at 24th week (p=0.001). Safety parameters were also showed favorable results, which there was no significant weight gain (p=0.076), and well-tolerated extrapyramidal adverse effects. Conclusion: Our results showed that RLAI is an efficient and safe medication option in the treatment of psychiatric disorders and severe behavioral problems in adolescents with low-compliance to oral treatment in our cases. Copyright © 2018, Korean College of Neuropsychopharmacology.
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    Erratum: Aripiprazole in Children and Adolescents with Conduct Disorder: A Single-Center, Open-Label Study (Pharmacopsychiatry (2012) 45 (13-19) DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1286348)
    (Georg Thieme Verlag, 2015) Ercan E.S.; Uysal T.; Ercan E.; Akyol Ardic U.
    [No abstract available]
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    No Beneficial Effects of Adding Parent Training to Methylphenidate Treatment for ADHD + ODD/CD Children: A 1-Year Prospective Follow-Up Study
    (2014) Ercan E.S.; Ardic U.A.; Kutlu A.; Durak S.
    Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the effect of methylphenidate (MPH) versus MPH + parent training in children with ADHD and oppositional defiant disorder/conduct disorder (ODD/CD) over a 12-month period. Method: After careful screening, 120 children diagnosed with ADHD + ODD/CD were included in the study. Treatment consisted of ongoing medication management for 12 months, with or without participation in a parent-training program beginning after the 1st month. Participants were not randomly assigned to treatment groups because of ethical, practical, and methodological reasons. Results: Data analyses revealed that mother-child relationship improvements and symptom severity did not benefit from parent training. Conclusion: The results of this study highlighted the positive role of MPH in ADHD. No significant effects were observed after the addition of parent training to MPH treatment. Clinicians should carefully follow patients' improvements and titrate the MPH dosage during long-term treatment. © 2012 SAGE Publications.
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    Osmotic release oral system methylphenidate is more effective than immediate release methylphenidate: A retrospective chart review in turkish children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [OROS-metilfenidat ir-metilfenidattan daha etkilidir: Dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu olan türk çocuklarında retrospektif bir araştırma]
    (Cukurova Univ Tip Fakultesi Psikiyatri Anabilim Dali, 2014) Ardic U.A.; Ercan E.S.; Ercan E.; Yuce D.; Basay B.K.
    Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of osmotic release oral system methylphenidate (OROS-MPH) compared with immediate release methylphenidate (IR-MPH) in Turkish children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Method: The medical records of primary school-aged children, who were first-time referrals to the outpatient clinic, were reviewed; 67 children receiving OROS-MPH and 47 children receiving IR-MPH were recruited for the study. A total of 114 children receiving treatment for ADHD were evaluated over 8 weeks.Results: The total Turgay DSM-IV Based Child and Adolescent Behavior Disorders Screening and Rating Scale scores from both the parent and teacher forms decreased significantly in both groups over 8 weeks (p<0.001). OROS-MPH was found to be superior to IR-MPH when comparing baseline-to-8th-week- mean inattention score changes on both the teacher (p=0.007) and parent (p=0.015) forms. OROS-MPH and IR-MPH were both well tolerated, with similar side- effect profiles.Conclusion: OROS-MPH was found to be effective and safe in the treatment of ADHD symptoms in Turkish children. © 2014, Cukurova Univ Tip Fakultesi Psikiyatri Anabilim Dali. All rights reserved.
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    The prevalence of anxiety and mood disorders, and demographic characteristics in elementary school students
    (Turkish Association of Nervous and Mental Health, 2014) Bilaç Ö.; Ercan E.S.; Uysal T.; Aydin C.
    Objective: Childhood psychiatric disorders can prevent individuals from reaching their full potential, and disrupt normal development. Empirical data on the prevalence and incidence of childhood psychiatric disorders are fundamental to understanding the etiology and natural history of such disorders. There have been fewer epidemiologic investigations aimed at estimating the prevalence, incidence, and associated risk factors of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents, as compared to adults. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of mood disorders (MDs) and anxiety disorders (ADs) in a representative sample of elementary school children from Turkey, providing prevalence rates that were previously unavailable. Materials and Methods: In all, 12 schools were randomly selected and stratified according to socioeconomic status by the I'zmir Directorate of National Education. The sample consisted of 419 randomly selected elementary school students, with a 5% margin of error and alpha (t) of 1%. The study included children aged 6-14 years. In total, 417 students were interviewed (total response rate of 99.5%). The 417 students were assessed using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL), Child Behavior Check List (CBCL), Teacher Report Form (TRF), and Impairment Criterion Scale (ICS). Results: The prevalence of MDs and ADs without considering impairment was 2.9% and 13.9%, respectively, versus 1.4% and 2.6% with considering impairment, respectively. Conclusion: The prevalence of MDs and ADs in the present study's sample are similar to those reported from the Western studies. With the inclusion of diagnosis-specific impairment criteria the rates reduced slightly, as previously reported.
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    A Promising Preliminary Study of Aripiprazole for Treatment-Resistant Childhood Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
    (Mary Ann Liebert Inc., 2015) Ercan E.S.; Ardic U.A.; Ercan E.; Yuce D.; Durak S.
    Background: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a relatively frequent disease in childhood, which is generally treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and/or clomipramine and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). However, nearly half of the cases are treatment resistant. Aripiprazole was shown to be beneficial in augmentation therapy in treatment-refractory OCD. This study evaluated its effectiveness as a single agent in these cases. Methods: Sixteen children (nine girls, seven boys), who were nonresponders to treatment with at least two types of SSRIs and CBT, were administered 12 weeks of aripiprazole treatment with a mean dose of 4.75 mg/day (range: 2-7.5 mg/day). Treatment outcomes were evaluated by the Childhood Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS), and the Clinical Global Impressions-Severity and Improvement (CGI-S and CGI-I) scales. Results: Children with a mean age of 10.9±2.9 years had severe obsessive compulsive symptoms at baseline, and >80% of them had another comorbid psychiatric disease. Significant improvements in symptoms were achieved after 12 weeks of aripiprazole treatment, which were evaluated by significant decreases in symptom scores in the CY-BOCS, and improvements in CGI-I scores. Conclusions: This very small study of aripiprazole, given to children with OCD resistant to at least 12 weeks treatment with at least two SSRIs and CBT, demonstrated striking improvement in CGI scores (all subsets, p?0.002) for 13 of 16 children, and halved all CY-BOCS subscores after ~12 weeks of treatment. © 2015, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.
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    Psychiatric comorbidity in the subtypes of adhd in children and adolescents with adhd according to dsm-iv [DSM-IV’e göre dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu (DEHB) olan çocuk ve ergenlerde DEHB alt tiplerinde Psikiyatrik Eş Tanı Varlığı]
    (Turkish Neuropsychiatric Society, 2020) İpçi M.; İnci İzmir S.B.; Türkçapar M.H.; Özdel K.; Akyol Ardiç Ü.; Ercan E.S.
    Introduction: The prevalence rate of psychiatric comorbidity in children and adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) was 60–80%. The objective of this study was to examine comorbid disorders associated with ADHD and the subtypes of ADHD in children and adolescents with the diagnosis of ADHD. Method: The study included 326 children and adolescents aged between 8–15 years who were diagnosed with ADHD for the first time as a result of an interview by psychiatry, in a child adolescent psychiatry clinic in İzmir. Sociodemographic form, Turgay DSM-IV Disruptive Behavior Disorders Rating Scale and Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children Present and Lifetime version were used to assess psychiatric comorbidity. Results: The comorbidities accompanied ADHD were disruptive behavior disorder (28.8%), depressive disorder (13.2%), obsessive-compulsive disorder (9.5%) and anxiety disorder (6.1%). When the subtypes of ADHD were assessed according to psychiatric comorbidity, oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder were frequently seen with ADHD combined type, whereas anxiety disorder was more frequent with ADHD inattentive type. Discussion: Comorbidity in ADHD Combined type increases the severity of disease, delays treatment response and exacerbates prognosis. Therefore, it is very important to determine which psychiatric diagnosis accompany with ADHD. © 2020 by Turkish Association of Neuropsychiatry.
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    Psychiatric evaluation of children born with assisted reproductive technologies and their mothers: A clinical study [Yardi{dotless}mci{dotless} üreme teknikleriyle dogmuş çocuklari{dotless}n ve annelerinin psikiyatrik degerlendirmesi: Klinik bir çali{dotless}şma]
    (2013) Özbaran B.; Köse S.; Ardiç U.A.; Erermiş S.; Ergin H.K.; Bildik T.; Yüncü Z.; Ercan E.S.; Aydin C.
    Background: The number of parents who have children through assisted reproductive technologies (ART) is increasing. In this cross-sectional study, we aimed to evaluate the psychiatric diagnostic profiles and behavioral characteristics of children born after ART as well as to evaluate the anxiety and depressive symptoms in their mothers. Methods: Thirty-five children (13 girls and 22 boys) born after ART (ART group) were compared with 35 naturally conceived children, matched for gender and age (control group). The Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th. Edition (DSM-IV) criteria and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) were used for evaluation of the children. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the State- Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) were used for evaluating their mothers. Results: The most common psychiatric diagnoses were attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, pervasive developmental disorders and anxiety disorders in both groups. Feeding disorders were significantly more frequent in children born following ART than in controls. Mothers of ART group had higher scores in BDI and STAI. Between both groups, there was a statistically significant difference in some CBCL subscales (e.g. withdrawn, social problems, internalizing and externalizing problems). Conclusion: It is important to know that children born after ART may have some behavioral and psychiatric problems and working with their mothers' psychologicalstatus is also important. © Archives of Neuropsychiatry, published by Galenos Publishing.
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    Reply to the letter
    (Elsevier Ireland Ltd, 2019) Baytunca M.B.; Inci S.B.; Ercan E.S.
    [No abstract available]
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    Risperidone in the treatment of conduct disorder in preschool children without intellectual disability
    (2011) Ercan E.S.; Basay B.K.; Basay O.; Durak S.; Ozbaran B.
    Background: The DSM-IV-TR (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4thedition Textrevision) highlights the especially poor outcomes of early-onset conduct disorder (CD). The strong link between the patient's age at treatment and its efficacy points the importance of early intervention. Risperidone is one of the most commonly studied medications used to treat CD in children and adolescents. The aim of this study is to obtain preliminary data about the efficacy and tolerability of risperidone treatment in otherwise typically developing preschool children with conduct disorder and severe behavioral problems.Method: We recruited 12 otherwise normally developing preschoolers (ten boys and two girls) with CD for this study. We could not follow up with 4 children at control visits properly; thus, 8 children (six girls, two boys; mean age: 42.4 months) completed the study. We treated the patients with risperidone in an open-label fashion for 8 weeks, starting with a daily dosage of 0.125 mg/day or 0.25 mg/day depending on the patient's weight (<20 kg children: 0.125 mg/day; >20 kg children: 0.25 mg/day). Dosage titration and increments were performed at 2-week interval clinical assessments. The Turgay DSM-IV Based Disruptive Behavior Disorders Child and Adolescent Rating & Screening Scale (T-DSM-IV-S) as well as the Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI) assessed treatment efficacy; the Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale (ESRS) and laboratory evaluations assessed treatment safety.Results: The mean daily dosage of risperidone at the end of 8 weeks was 0.78 mg/day (SD: 0.39) with a maximum dosage of 1.50 mg/day. Based on the CGI global improvement item, we classified all patients as "responders" (very much or much improved). Risperidone was associated with a 78% reduction in the CGI Severity score. We also detected significant improvements on all of the subscales of the T-DSM-IV-S. Tolerability was good, and serious adverse effects were not observed. We detected statistically significant prolactin level increments (p < 0.05), but no clinical symptoms associated with prolactinemia.Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that risperidone may be an effective and well-tolerated atypical antipsychotic for the treatment of CD in otherwise normally developing preschool children. The findings of the study should be interpreted as preliminary data considering its small sample size and open-label methodology. © 2011 Ercan et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
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    Social and emotional outcomes of child sexual abuse: A clinical sample in Turkey
    (2009) Ozbaran B.; Erermis S.; Bukusoglu N.; Bildik T.; Tamar M.; Ercan E.S.; Aydin C.; Cetin S.K.
    Childhood sexual abuse is a traumatic life event that may cause psychiatric disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder and depression. During 2003-2004, 20 sexually abused children were referred to the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Clinic of Ege University in Izmir, Turkey. Two years later, the psychological adjustment of these children (M age = 9.4 years, SD = 3.63 years, range = 5 to 16 years) is evaluated. Semistructured interviews, a form for the sociodemographic characteristics, are used for evaluations by a child psychiatrist who is blind to the first evaluation. It is determined that sexually abused children have more psychiatric disorders within the first year than 2 years later. However, some behavior problems occur at both short-term and long-term follow-ups. © 2009 SAGE Publications.