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    Mountain vipers in central-eastern turkey: Huge range extensions for four taxa reshape decades of misleading perspectives
    (Malcolm L. McCallum, 2020) Mebert K.; Göçmen B.; İğci N.; Kariş M.; Oğuz M.A.; Yıldız M.Z.; Ursenbacher S.
    —Turkey harbors a high diversity of viperid snakes, many with a high threat level on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List, yet perception about even basic topics, such as distributions and conservation statuses, remain poor. We initiated a multi-year project 7 y ago to compensate these shortcomings and present herein dramatically improved information on the status of mountain vipers of central-eastern Anatolia (Asian Turkey): Bolkar Viper (Montivipera b. bulgardaghica), Albizona Viper (M. b. albizona), Wagner’s Viper (M. wagneri), and partly Ottoman Viper (M. xanthina). The data originate from our fieldwork and a comprehensive search of all records available, including information from literature, online resources, locals, and herpetological experts. This resulted in 51 new localities, complemented by 36 published records, which were refined with new information, including four corrected/removed records and two records that were combined with new records due to their proximity. We summarized all records with precise information in a supplemented list of 85 localities, which is compared to current literature and the range maps available on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, the global standard reference for consultation on range maps and conservation status of species. Consequently, we report on large range extension of > 100 km in all four mountain viper taxa, increase the extent of occurrence for each viper taxon 4–8 times, reduce the distribution gaps between all pairs of parapatric, related, and ecologically similar mountain vipers, and discuss taxa delimitation, putative contact zones and conservation aspects. © 2020. Konrad Mebert.
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    Screening of cytotoxic and antimicrobial activity potential of Anatolian Macrovipera lebetina obtusa (Ophidia: Viperidae) crude venom
    (Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2015) Ozen M.O.; İğci N.; Yalçin H.T.; Goçmen B.; Nalbantsoy A.
    The effects of snake venoms have been well known since ancient times. They contain a variety of biologically active proteins which have therapeutic potential. This study investigated the cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities of Anatolian Macrovipera lebetina obtusa venom against various cancer cells, Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, and a fungal species. A549, HeLa, CaCo-2, U-87 MG and MCF-7 cancer cell lines and a normal cell line (Vero) were screened by the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using the broth dilution method. The species included were Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, E. coli 0157:H7, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium DSM 13590, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228, Salmonella typhimurium CCM 5445, Proteus vulgaris ATCC 6957, Bacillus cereus ATCC 7064 and Candida albicans ATCC 10239. Half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of M. l. obtusa venom on cultured cells varied from 1.18 ± 0.11 to 12.80 ± 0.22 µg/ml, with the most potent activities against Vero, U-87 MG, MCF-7 and CaCo-2 cells. Venom showed moderate antifungal activity against C. albicans, with an MIC of 62.50 µg/ml. In short, the venom of Anatolian M. l. obtusa showed promising results as a potential source of alternative therapeutics, cytotoxic and antifungal agent prototypes. © 2015 Taylor & Francis.
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    Screening of cytotoxic, anti-angiogenic, anti-tumorogenic and antimicrobial activities of anatolian vipera ammodytes (Nose-horned viper) venom [Anadolu’da yayılış gösteren vipera ammodytes (Burunlu engerek) zehrinin sitotoksik, antianjiyogenik, anti-tümör ve antimikrobiyal aktivitelerinin taranması]
    (Turkish Biochemistry Society, 2016) İğci N.; Nalbantsoy A.; Erkan L.G.; Akça G.Y.; Yalçın H.T.; Yalçın M.; Göçmen B.
    Objective: In the present study, we aimed to screen the cytotoxic, antimicrobial, anti-angiogenic and anti-tumorogenic activities of Anatolian Vipera ammodytes (Nosehorned Viper) crude venom. Material and methods: The cytotoxicity was screened against PC3, HeLa, CaCo-2, U-87MG, MCF-7 and Vero cells by using MTT assay. The antimicrobial activity on Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, E. coli 0157:H7, Enterococcus faecalis 29212, Enterococcus faecium DSM 13590, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228, Salmonella typhimirium CCM 5445, Proteus vulgaris ATCC 6957, Bacillus cereus ATCC 7064 and Candida albicans ATCC 10239 was assayed by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration using the broth dilution method. Anti-angiogenic and anti-tumorogenic activity was assessed by using chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. Results: The IC50 value of V. ammodytes venom on cultured cells varied from 1.8 to 7.0 µg/mL after 48 h treatment. Venom showed antimicrobial activity on P. vulgaris, S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. faecium and C. albicans (the highest activity). The venom exhibited dose-dependent anti-angiogenic activity on CAM model at 2 and 10 µg/mL doses with scores of 1.1 and 2.0, respectively. Conclusion: The results of the present study contributed to the knowledge of the biological activities of Anatolian V. ammodytes venom and showed its potential for further bioactivity guided characterization studies. © 2016 Turkish Biochemistry Society. All rights reserved.