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    Economic Performance of Pre-Crops in a Three-Year Rotation Program for Organic Vegetable Production
    (Int Soc Horticultural Science, 2012) Bilen, E.; Nazik, C. A.; Unal, M.; Bteich, M. R.; Al Bitar, L.; Aksoy, U.; Mourao, I; Aksoy, U
    A four year experiment is being carried out, at Ege University Department of Horticulture, in which three different pre-crops are tested under an organic management system as compared to fallow. The aim of the experiment is to identify the most suitable rotation program for organic vegetable production in Turkey. Vicia sativa (common vetch), Brassica oleracea var. italica (broccoli), Vicia faba 'Sevilla' (faba bean) and fallow are tested as preceding (winter) crops. During the experiment carried out between 2007 and 2009, the main crops were tomato (2007), zucchini (2008) and pepper (2009). Broccoli represented the farmers' choice as a winter vegetable. Vetch (incorporated) and faba bean (partially harvested and incorporated) were selected as legumes well adapted to the regional conditions. Soil fertility was maintained by incorporation of the crop residues at the end of both cycles and addition of organic-certified commercial compost (Bioaktif) and compost tea during the main cycle. All the management, including disease and pest management, was carried out according to the organic regulations valid in Turkey and the EU. During the production seasons, all variable costs and revenue, during both the pre-crop and main crop cycles, were recorded and gross margin calculated for each treatment. Economic analysis showed that broccoli as a pre-crop required the highest variable costs followed by faba bean, vetch and fallow, in all three years. Total revenue was the highest in plots where broccoli was the pre-crop. It is followed by faba bean plots mostly because higher yields were obtained in main crop plots following faba bean. The least profitable was fallow - main crop rotation. Broccoli plants also have some extra benefits like adding a high amount of biomass to soil and suppressing weed growth due to shading and allelopathic effects.
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    Performance of organic vegetable rotations under Mediterranean experimental and on-farm conditions
    (Int Soc Horticultural Science, 2016) Bilen, E.; Ozsoy, N.; Bayram, C. A. Nazik; Unal, M.; Aslan, B.; Kaya, S.; Duman, I.; Al Bitar, L.; Aksoy, U.; Bellon, S; Granatstein, D; Urban, L
    Vegetables are generally grown as intensive systems on small plots, and their economic significance is of utmost importance in the Mediterranean countries. Even if organic management became widespread around the Mediterranean basin starting in the 1980s, long-term rotations based mainly on vegetables are quite rare. The performance of organic farming systems relies on economic, technical and ecological outputs. A four-year experiment was carried out between 2006 and 2010 at the Ege University experimental site (Izmir/Turkey), in cooperation with the CIHEAM Mediterranean Institute of Bari. Recommended practices were tested in commercial farming conditions during the fifth year. The four-year rotation program was designed as follows: in winter months, experimental plots had broccoli, broad bean, vetch or fallow (natural vegetation), followed by a main crop that changed yearly in the following order: tomato, zucchini, pepper and eggplant. Broccoli represented the farmer's choice as a winter vegetable and vetch and broad bean as green manure. Additionally, organic-certified commercial compost was added during the summer cycles as a standard amendment. The effect of pre-crops and main crops on soil organic matter, primary nutrients, weed abundance and yield, were assessed for each main crop cycle. Soil N, P and K contents of the experimental plot were kept at rich or sufficient levels for four years, and yields obtained for the summer vegetables were within the regional averages. Based on the economic and technical outputs, best practices, identified as vetch or broccoli + zucchini and vetch or broccoli + tomato, were tested under farm conditions. This paper summarizes the major results on soil fertility and yield and quality of tested crops obtained under experimental and onfarm conditions. Based on five-year results, broccoli and vetch are recommended as the two successful pre-crops for winter where summer vegetables are the main crops.
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    Thieno[3,2-b]thiophene and triphenylamine-based hole transport materials for perovskite solar cells
    (Frontiers Media S.A., 2023) Isci, R.; Unal, M.; Yesil, T.; Ekici, A.; Sütay, B.; Zafer, C.; Ozturk, T.
    Heterocyclic compounds have played significant roles in achieving high performance as hole transport materials (HTMs) for perovskite solar cell (PSC) applications. Various studies have focused on the development of fused heterocyclic conjugated structures for hole transport materials. In this report, three novel ?-extended conjugated materials (M1-M3), based on thieno[3,2-b]thiophene (TT) and 4,4?-dimethoxytriphenylamine [TPA(OMe)2], were designed and successfully synthesized via Palladium (0) catalyzed Suzuki coupling reaction. Their optical, electrochemical, and thermal properties were investigated by UV-Vis, fluorescence, cyclic voltammetry, and thermal analysis. The materials were utilized as hole transport materials in p-i-n architecture perovskite solar cells, which displayed performances of open-circuit voltage (Voc) as high as 1,050 mV, a maximum short-circuit current (Jsc) of 16,9 mA/cm2, a maximum fill factor (FF) of 29.3%, and a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 5.20%. This work demonstrated that thieno[3,2-b]thiophene and TPA(OMe)2-based structures are promising cores for high-performance hole transport materials in perovskite solar cell architecture. Copyright © 2023 Isci, Unal, Yesil, Ekici, Sütay, Zafer and Ozturk.