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Öğe ARE POLAND AND TURKEY RIVALS IN THE EU AGRICULTURAL MARKET?(Warsaw Univ Life Sciences Pr, 2018) Gencler, Funda; Turkekul, Berna; Gul, Altay UgurPoland and Turkey are one of the largest global producers and particularly exporters of fruits. The export is of great importance to domestic producers of these fruits. This paper attempts to assess Polish and Turkish fruit sectors' competitiveness. For competitive comparison of Poland and Turkey, balance of foreign trade, trade coverage index, share in export and import, specialisation index, relative revealed comparative export advantage index, relative import penetration index, relative trade advantage index were calculated. According to the results, Turkey has shown to have comparative advantage for all periods. in contrast, however, Poland seems to be losing its advantages. Although Poland's competitiveness is diminishing, Poland enjoys free access to EU market.Öğe A co-integration analysis of the price and income elasticities of energy demand in Turkish agriculture(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2011) Turkekul, Berna; Unakitan, GokhanAgriculture has an important role in every country's development. Particularly, the contribution of agriculture to development and competitiveness is increasing with agricultural productivity growth. Productivity, in turn, is closely associated with direct and indirect use of energy as an input. Therefore, the importance of energy in agriculture cannot be denied as one of the basic inputs to the economic growth process. Following the importance of energy in Turkish agriculture, this study aims to estimate the long- and short-run relationship of energy consumption, agricultural GDP, and energy prices via co-integration and error correction (ECM) analysis. Annual data from 1970 to 2008 for diesel and electricity consumptions are utilized to estimate long-run and short-run elasticities. According to ECM analysis, for the diesel demand model, the long-run income and price elasticities were calculated as 1.47 and -0.38, respectively. For the electricity demand model, income and price elasticities were calculated at 0.19 and -0.72, respectively, in the long run. Briefly, in Turkey, support for energy use in agriculture should be continued in order to ensure sustainability in agriculture, increase competitiveness in international markets, and balance farmers' income. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe CO2 emissions, real output, energy consumption, trade, urbanization and financial development: testing the EKC hypothesis for the USA(Springer Heidelberg, 2016) Dogan, Eyup; Turkekul, BernaThis study aims to investigate the relationship between carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, energy consumption, real output (GDP), the square of real output (GDP(2)), trade openness, urbanization, and financial development in the USA for the period 1960-2010. The bounds testing for cointegration indicates that the analyzed variables are cointegrated. In the long run, energy consumption and urbanization increase environmental degradation while financial development has no effect on it, and trade leads to environmental improvements. In addition, this study does not support the validity of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis for the USA because real output leads to environmental improvements while GDP(2) increases the levels of gas emissions. The results from the Granger causality test show that there is bidirectional causality between CO2 and GDP, CO2 and energy consumption, CO2 and urbanization, GDP and urbanization, and GDP and trade openness while no causality is determined between CO2 and trade openness, and gas emissions and financial development. In addition, we have enough evidence to support one-way causality running from GDP to energy consumption, from financial development to output, and from urbanization to financial development. In light of the long-run estimates and the Granger causality analysis, the US government should take into account the importance of trade openness, urbanization, and financial development in controlling for the levels of GDP and pollution. Moreover, it should be noted that the development of efficient energy policies likely contributes to lower CO2 emissions without harming real output.Öğe Comparative Advantage of Yarn and Weaving Industries: Evidence for Turkiye and Top Exporters(Lukasiewicz Research Network - Lodz Institute Of Technology, 2023) Kantur, Cigdem; Turkekul, BernaWith the repeal of the MFA agreement, the competitive conditions in yarn and weaving industries have changed. Especially, with the cheap labour of Asian and Far Eastern countries, they have become advantageous in this unrestricted competition environment. Therefore, this study was conducted to help to identify those products where Turkiye and her competitors have comparative advantages. This study mainly focuses on analysing the complementarity and substitutability of selected countries such as Turkiye, India, China and the USA. RTA, RC, RSCA and trade specialisation (TSI) indices were used to evaluate the competitive advantage. The results showed that Turkiye's competitiveness in cotton yarn and cotton weaving has deteriorated. However, India and China, which are the major countries in the world's cotton production, have a positive impact on their long-term competitiveness. Moreover, for these countries there is convergence in cotton yarn and divergence in cotton fabric products.Öğe The competitiveness of Turkish olive oil on the world market(Wfl Publ, 2010) Turkekul, Berna; Gunden, Cihat; Abay, Canan; Miran, BuelentThis paper attempted to assess competitiveness vis-a-vis olive oil exporting countries over 1990-2006 period. For competitive comparison of Turkey with the main olive oil exporters, the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Comparative Export Performance (CEP) and Market Share Index (MSI) were calculated. Using these indices in the multidimensional scaling (MDS) and fuzzy clustering methods, similarities and differences between the olive oil exporter countries were specified. The data source was the FAO AgroStat database considering export and import data. According to the results, Tunisia has a comparative advantage for all periods. Tunisia is followed by Spain and Greece. In contrast, Turkey seems to be losing its advantages. Turkey has faced stronger competition, especially from the European Union (EU) countries, but Turkey resembles Syria and Greece. According to MDS and fuzzy clustering, there are three main clusters. In the first cluster, the EU countries, showing a competitive position, are classified. The second cluster includes only Tunisia, with a comparative advantage. The last cluster is composed of Greece, Turkey and Syria, which are less competitive. In fact the explanation for Turkey losing its advantages is more complex than one may think. There is structural problem that is challenging Turkey. Natural constraints like alternance, land fragmentation, high level of small producers, the incapacity to invest in new technologies and marketing systems, high production costs are the main factors contributing to Turkey's competitiveness. For Turkey, the success to be obtained by increasing competitiveness on the international olive oil market depends on the production, organization and foreign trade policies adopted.Öğe Effects of Partial Replacement of Soybean with Local Alternative Sources on Growth, Blood Parameters, Welfare, and Economic Indicators of Local and Commercial Broilers(Mdpi, 2024) Acar, Muazzez Comert; Turkekul, Berna; Uysal, Ozlem Karahan; Ozkan, Sezen; Yalcin, ServetSimple Summary While the demand for poultry meat is increasing, arable land for crop production is limited. Therefore, the use of locally produced alternative sources in chicken diets has become a necessity. The substitution of soybean with local by-products such as sunflower meal, brewers' dried grain, and wheat middlings or a combination of local by-products with black soldier larvae meal was evaluated in broilers. The substitution of soybean in broiler diets did not affect growth performance. However, the diet with black soldier fly larvae meal increased the production costs because of its high price. Therefore, lowering black soldier fly larvae meal price is the key issue hindering its inclusion in broiler diets.Abstract The effects of the partial replacement of soybean with alternative local agri-industry by-products and black soldier fly (BSF) larvae meal on broiler growth performance, blood biochemistry, welfare, and, subsequently, economic performance of these diets were evaluated. A total of 524 day-old chicks from a local and a commercial strain were fed one of the three diets from the day of hatch to the slaughter age. The diets were the following: a soybean-based control diet, a diet in which soybean was partially replaced (SPR) with agri-industrial by-products, or a diet with BSF larvae meal added to the SPR (SPR + BSF). There was no effect of the diets on the slaughter weight, total feed consumption, and feed conversion of the chickens. The SPR + BSF diet reduced the blood glucose, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, protein, triglycerides, and cholesterol levels in the local chickens and the gamma-glutamyl transferase, protein, and creatinine levels in the commercial broilers. The negative effect of the SPR diet on plumage cleanliness in the commercial broilers was alleviated by the SPR + BSF diet, whereas 100% of the local birds presented either slight or moderate soiling. The results showed that, due to the high cost of the BSF larvae meal, the SPR + BSF diet was not economically feasible. In a further study, the price trends of BSF larvae will be examined from the standpoint of economic profitability conditions.Öğe Exploring the relationship between agricultural electricity consumption and output: New evidence from Turkish regional data(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2016) Dogan, Eyup; Sebri, Maamar; Turkekul, BernaThis study investigates the relationship between agricultural electricity consumption and agricultural output for a panel of 12 regions of Turkey for the period 1995-2013. In order to reveal the possible heterogeneity between regions, empirical analyses are conducted for the whole panel data and two subgroups within the panel data; namely, coastal regions and non-coastal regions. The results from several panel unit root tests indicate that electricity consumption and output are stationary process at their levels for overall panel and the two specific groups. By using the OLS with regional fixed effects, this study finds that coefficient estimate of electricity consumption on output is statistically significant and positive for overall regions, coastal regions and non-coastal regions. In addition, the results from the Dumitrescu-Hurlin Granger causality test show that there is unidirectional causality running from agricultural output to electricity consumption for non-coastal regions, and there is bidirectional causality between agricultural electricity consumption and output for overall panel and coastal regions. Findings and policy implications are further discussed. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe FACTORS AFFECTING THE TURKSIH FARMERS' DECISION TO QUIT FARMING(Univ Agricultural Sciences & Veterinary Medicine Bucharest, 2020) Turkekul, Berna; Abay, CananAgriculture contributes to Turkish economic development by manufacturing essential agricultural products, utilizing a huge portion of the population, trading of agricultural products, making intermediate goods for the other sectors. However, poverty along with deepening gap between input and output prices caused by Turkish agricultural policies implemented in the recent years has pushed farmers to quit farming. As a matter of fact, in 2017 5.4 million worked in agricultural sector, which were 7.7 million people in 2000. Therefore, object of this study was to investigate the factors affecting farmers' likelihood to quit agriculture. The data was collected by a questionnaire conducted in the selected districts of Izmir and totally 195 farmers are calculated as sample size. Logit regression model was used to determine the factors affecting quitting agriculture. The results show that agricultural subsidy, tenure, education and the size of the farm are the important factors for quitting decision. The question of who will make agricultural production in the future will be on the agenda as long as agriculture loses attractiveness for young people. The situation is no different in a country with a high young population country like Turkey. Hence, agriculture should be encouraged especially for young people with high education and entrepreneurship ability.Öğe The Turkish olive oil sector's priorities related to the factors affecting domestic and international competition(Academic Journals, 2010) Gunden, Cihat; Turkekul, Berna; Miran, Buelent; Abay, CananMany researchers treat firm-level competition as the origin of competition between nations. In other words, nations are as strong as their companies. Therefore, competition lies in "firm-level competitiveness." To evaluate firm-level competitiveness, a survey was conducted in this study. Information was gathered from players in the olive oil industry, including olive oil mills, refiners, and exporters. A total of 117 firms completed the questionnaire. The Analytic Hierarchy Process was applied to determine priorities regarding factors affecting international-domestic competition and preferred arenas of competition for firms and to establish a hierarchy with respect to these preferences. The analysis gives a first-to-last ranking of branding, then food safety and quality, and finally price. The exporters emphasized incentives rather than prices as critical factors. Also, the firms stated that they can generally compete with their rivals in terms of quality, technology and food safety requirements. Taking high costs into account, it appears to be very important to continue premium support and subsidies from the standpoint of international competition.Öğe Understanding Why Farmers Leave: Validating Key Indicators for Farm Exit in İzmir, Türkiye(Mdpi, 2024) Turkekul, Berna; Abay, Canan FisunThis study analyses the factors that affect farmers' decisions to quit farming, using the & Idot;zmir region of T & uuml;rkiye as a case study. A sample of 195 farmers was surveyed to identify the factors influencing this decision. Factors such as the farm type, farm size, agricultural subsidies, land ownership, and age of farmers were found to significantly affect the decisions of the farmers. Sensitivity analysis was performed to examine the changes in the selected variables. The sensitivity analysis showed that young farmers, under financial pressure and tenancy uncertainty, are likely to stay in farming when they receive agricultural subsidies. Thus, targeted financial subsidies can help sustain the livelihood of young farmers efficiently. This study reveals the important relationship between policy interventions and the long-term economic viability of farming as a livelihood. This relationship is crucial for the overall viability of agriculture and the well-being of rural communities. Overall, the findings from this study will inform the development of policies to strengthen the resilience and sustainability of rural farming communities in T & uuml;rkiye.
