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Öğe Egg storage conditions and manipulations during storage: effect on egg quality traits, embryonic development, hatchability and chick quality of broiler hatching eggs(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2023) Tainika, Brian; Abdallah, Nasir; Damaziak, Krzysztof; Nganga, Zacharia Waithaka; Shah, Tahir; Wojcik, WojciechThe egg storage conditions including the duration, temperature and egg turning and positioning and manipulations, especially prewarming and preincubation during egg storage, are consistently important components for poultry breeders and hatcheries. This review paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the effects of egg storage conditions and manipulations during egg storage on egg quality characteristics and embryonic development and subsequent effect on hatchability and chick quality. The egg storage duration and temperature have been deeply studied compared with the egg turning and positioning and manipulations during storage. Storing hatching eggs above 21 degrees C for > 7 d increases embryonic mortality and reduces hatchability. Concurrent with insufficient turning or cessation of turning and longer storage durations, these lead to increased embryonic mortality, reduced hatchability and compromised chick quality. Furthermore, it was identified that the potential mechanisms underlying the observed effects of egg storage conditions include variations in yolk and albumen characteristics, gas exchange and blastoderm development, which should equally remain in optimal ranges during storage. Meanwhile, during egg storage period, manipulations comprising prewarming and preincubation are recommended due to their role in increasing embryonic development, hatchability and chick quality. Generally, the effects of the storage conditions are highly associated with the breeder age and timing in case of manipulations during storage. Furthermore, it is essential that studies fully explore the genetic variability and the changes in integrity of external egg characteristics, such as changes in eggshell thickness and conductivity in relation to storage conditions, and their impacts on embryonic development, hatchability and chick quality. Conclusively, understanding the effects of egg storage conditions can help poultry producers implement appropriate strategies to improve overall production efficiency and profitability.Öğe In ovo feeding technology: embryonic development, hatchability and hatching quality of broiler chicks(Scientific Technical Research Council Turkey-Tubitak, 2021) Tainika, Brian; Bayraktar, Ozer HakanThis paper reviewed the effects of in ovo feeding application on incubation performance and chick quality in broilers. Effectiveness of incubation and chick quality in commercial chicken broiler production have a decisive role in production cost as well as efficiency and are a prerequisite for sustainable production. To date, several studies have been done to improve incubation performance and chick quality, and significant gains have been achieved in this area in the last fifty years. The average hatchability and survivability in the sector have reached 85%-90% and 90%-95% respectively, and with new research, theoretical limits have been closely approached. In ovo feeding, one of the newest and technical applications in the incubation sector which successfully implements different methods and technologies in the area of performance and quality improvement has not yet been commercialized. Although in ovo feeding effects on chick weight and hatch properties have been evaluated and scientifically positive in some researches, sufficient progress for the spread of the application in the field has not been registered. Therefore, it is useful to continue studies on this subject, testing two or three interactions together with other supportive applications, and to investigate possible synergistic effects.Öğe Lighted incubation: embryonic development, hatchability and hatching quality of broiler chicks(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2022) Tainika, Brian; Bayraktar, Ozer HakanThis paper reviewed the effects of lighted incubation (in ovo lighting) on incubation performance and chick quality in broilers. Globally, the broiler chicken industry is among the fastest growing commercial sectors. Chicken meat has the fastest growth rate compared to other common animal protein sources, and its demand will always increase due to increasing population growth worldwide. Therefore, a need for a proportional increase in hatchery efficacy is also increasing with this demand. Over the past decades, implementation of artificial light during incubation in broiler chickens has accelerated with key considerations such as light colour, light source, photoperiod, eggshell colour, pigmentation, light shape and light intensity. Photostimulation has a significant effect on embryo development during the last quarter (from 14 to 21 day of incubation). However, incubating eggs under light from day 1 to 18 improves embryo development and hatchability compared with lighting for 21 days. A photoperiod of 12 L:12 D improves hatchability, chick weight and leg health compared with 24 L and 24 D. High light intensity decreases hatching traits such as chick weight. While incubation under green light increases muscle growth and weight gain of chicks, lighted incubation with red and white light enhances hatchability compared with other wavelengths and darkness. In conclusion, it is important to continue studies on lighted incubation to identify the exact mechanisms of how other light colours impact embryogenesis and investigate the interaction or synergistic effects of a combination of two or more wavelengths.Öğe Monokromatik yeşil ışık uyarımı ve in ovo vitamin e uygulamasının etlik piliçlerde embriyonik gelişim, civciv kalitesi ve çıkış özellikleri üzerine etkileri(Ege Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2019) Tainika, Brian; Bayraktar, Özen HakanTicari kanatlı üretiminde kuluçka performansı ve civciv kalitesi üretim maliyetininim yanı sıra verim üzerinde de belirleyici bir role sahip olup, sürdürülebilir üretimin ön koşuludur. Bugüne değin kuluçka performansı ve civciv kalitesini iyileştirmek adına çok sayıda araştırma yapılmış olup, son elli yılda bu alanda önemli kazanımlar elde edilmiştir. Sektördeki ortalama kuluçka randımanı %85-90, yaşama gücü ise %90-95 düzeyine ulaşmış olup, yeni araştırmalar ile teorik limitlere yaklaşılmıştır. İn ovo besleme ve monokromatik aydınlatma performans ve kalite artışı adına farklı yöntem ve teknolojileri başarıyla uygulamakta olan kuluçka sektörünün en yeni ve teknik uygulamalarından biri olup henüz ticari olarak uygulanan yöntemler değildir. 10 yılı aşkın süredir yapılan araştırmalarla test edilen bu yöntemlerin etki mekanizmaları iyi bilinmekle birlikte, her iki yöntemin birlikte kullanımına ilişkin olarak henüz yeterli çalışma bulunmamaktadır. Bu çalışmada, monokromatik yeşil ışık uyarımı ve in ovo vitamin E uygulamasının etlik piliçlerde embriyonik gelişim, civciv kalitesi ve çıkış özellikleri üzerine etkileri incelenmiş olup, meta analizi yöntemine dayalı olarak 55 farklı deneysel araştırma makalesinden elde edilen verilerin karşılaştırmalı istatistiki analizi sonucunda ulaşılan bulgular güncel literatürler ışığında yorumlanmıştır. Monokromatik yeşil ışık uyarımı civciv ağırlığı ve kuluçka performansı bakımından gruplar arasında önemli bir değişim saptanamamış (P>0.05) ancak, çıkış zamanı önemli düzeyde azalmıştır (P<0.05). Benzer şekilde in ovo vitamin E uygulamasının civciv ağırlığı ve çıkış özellikleri üzerinde önemli bir etkisi saptanamamıştır (P>0.05). Elde edilen bulgular her iki yöntem ile de ticari olarak olumlu sayılabilecek ilerlemeler kaydedilmekle birlikte, elde edilen sonuçların bu yöntemlerin bilimsel olarak önerilmesi ve ticari olarak kullanımının yaygınlaşması adına yeterli olmadığını göstermiştir. Bu nedenle bu konudaki çalışmaların sürdürülmesi, özellikle de her iki yöntemin birlikte veya destekleyici diğer yöntemler ile birlikte test edilerek ikili veya üçlü interaksiyonlarının araştırılmasında yarar vardır.
