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    Eco - physiological behaviour of two woody oak species to combat desertification in the east Mediterranean-a case study from Lebanon
    (Elsevier Science Bv, 2011) Karam, Fadi; Doulis, Andreas; Ozturk, Munir; Dogan, Yunus; Sakcali, Serdal; Efe, R; Ozturk, M
    The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment scenarios as well as other global assessments have revealed that factors like climate change, land use changes, biotic interferences and atmospheric CO2 will be the major drivers of future biodiversity loss. This loss is important because it will lead to a loss of valuable genetic diversity as well, which is of paramount importance for well being of humans. The local species losses and extinctions are expected to take place at an even faster rate, which will directly affect local ecosystem functioning. However, the land-use change may play a more dominating role in the species loss at the global level during next 5 decades. This loss can vary between 7-25 percent depending on different biomes. Due to her existence in the Mediterranean Basin Lebanon is among one of the countires which has been severely suffering from changes in the land use and desertification, and will be affected much in future. Attempts should thus be made for obtaining detailed projections for the country. One of the ways to be followed is monitoring the efficiency of water use. Therefore in this study adaptation strategies of two typical woody oak species Quercus infectoria; a deciduous species; and Q. calliprinos; an evergreen species; to drought prone environments was studied in two different sites in Lebanon with high and low rainfall, during spring and autumn seasons. The water relations and photosynthetic behaviour of these species were investigated by conducting experiments in the field in order to assess their ecophysiological responses to water stress caused by increased drought. The leaves of Q. infectoria were bright green and larger than leaves of Q. calliprinos, allowing higher rates of photosynthesis and transpiration, but also resulting in low water use efficiency, regardless of site and season. Water stress reduced the rates of photosynthesis and transpiration in the course of the drying period in correspondence with an increase in vapour pressure deficit. The recovery of these two parameters in the autumn was correlated with a lowering of the air temperature and the saturation deficit of the atmosphere, for the same range of intercepted PAR. In all seasons, a mid-day depression in the photosynthesis and transpiration curves was due to stomata closure in response to water stress during the hottest hours of the day. These results are expected to enlighten the possibilities for future reclamation of degraded areas in the country. (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of Recep Efe and Munir Ozturk
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    Multipurpose plant systems for renovation of waste waters
    (Springer Heidelberg, 2005) Ozturk, Munir; Alyanak, Ibrahim; Sakcali, Serdal; Guvensen, Aykut
    Two promising aquatic macrophytes Lemna minor (Duckweed) and Eichornia crassipes (Water Hyacinth); were used to test their cleaning ability for domestic waste waters in lagoons with one entry point and three outlets in 1996 (floatation rate 110 m(3)/day; BOD(5) 130-170 mg/l; pH 13.5). E. crassipes plants (5+ 5 roots, 25 cm long) were cultured in two lagoons and L. minor in one lagoon. Both species failed to grow due to a high pH. In 1997 the pH of water was neutralized to 6-7 before plant introduction in to the lagoons. L. minor plants did not grow due to overgrowth of rushes. However, E. crassipes grew very well and a total of 3 100 and 3400 roots were counted after 90 days with average heights of 70-75 cm, during this year. These plants showed high absorptive capacity. The dry weight of the harvested plants showed a parallelism to the prevalence with 80.160 kg dry weight. Phenological observations revealed that 80-90% of the plants covering the lagoon surface bloomed and water coming from the outlet became clear enough with a BOD(5) value of 30-40 and 50-80 mg/l. In a later experiment L. minor (20 plants) was cultured in a tank in May 2001 (BOD(5) 130, COD 170, suspended matter 35.2 mg/l). In all 1100 plants/m(2) were counted at the end of 90 days. After harvesting Lemna plants, water analysis showed that BOD(5) was 39.27, total nitrogen content 43, phosphorus 2, potassium 1.67, Pb 0.02, Cd 0.005, and Cr 0.05 mg/l. Renovated and non-renovated waters were used for irrigation of lawns covered by the grass species like Lolium perenne and L. italicum. These species behaved better when sprayed with 100% renovated water than mixed or non-renovated waters.
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    An overview of the possiblities for wastewater utilization for agriculture in Turkey
    (Science From Israel-Division Of Laser Pages Publ Ltd, 2011) Ozturk, Munir; Gucel, Salih; Sakcali, Serdal; Guvensen, Aykut
    Treated municipal wastewater and sewage sludge are an important source of water for irrigation in arid and semiarid regions. It may also serve as a promising source of plant nutrients and organic material that has a potential to increase soil productivity under arid conditions. Utilization of treated wastewaters for agricultural irrigation, in addition to being a low-cost available water source, also minimizes effluent disposal problems and hence environmental contamination, and reduces the need for the input of chemical fertilizers. Disadvantages of the application of treated effluents for agricultural irrigation involve the potential for human health problems, groundwater contamination, and the need for continued follow up and control. As of now, treated wastewater in Turkey is discharged to streams and seas, and is not reused for agriculture irrigation. Environmental considerations and the predicted increase in water shortage make effluent irrigation a national priority. Recent field and pot studies demonstrate the potential of the local treated effluents for agriculture. In a pot study the effect of application of different ratios of treated waste waters and treated sludge were investigated for a range of crops including Hordeum vulgare, Sorghum bicolor, Brassica campestris, Pisum sativum, Lolium perenne, L. italicum, and Lycopersison esculentum. The data accumulated revealed that for most crops the performance was better with treated wastewater as compared to normal tap water, which can be related to increased availability of nitrogen. Treated effluents, especially of industrial sources, may contain heavy metal contaminents. Rice plants irrigated with industrial wastewater showed high levels of lead, cadmium, and chromium, and 40-45% reduction of productivity, demonstrating the need for monitoring the quality of the effluents to be used for agricultural irrigation. Although most effluents contain higher levels of salts then the water from which they were derived, in several experiments carried out in Turkey, salt damage were not apparent, seemingly due to salt leaching by rainfall.
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    Use of Aesculus hippocastanum L. as a biomonitor of heavy metal pollution
    (Pakistan Botanical Soc, 2006) Yilmaz, Ruya; Sakcali, Serdal; Yarci, Celal; Aksoy, Ahmet; Ozturk, Munir
    Aesculus hippocastanum was studied as a possible biomonitor of the heavy metal pollution in the region of Thrace situated in the European part of Turkey. The urban roadside, city centre, and suburban sites were investigated. The Pb, Cd, Zn and Cu concentrations varied between 0.0200.051; 0.001-0.002 0.391-0.594; 0.256-0.38-7 g g(-1) dry weight in the washed leaves, between 0.023-0.119 0.002-0.068; 0.374-0.532 0.322-0.466 mu g g(-1) dry weight in the unwashed leaves, between 0.063-0.628; 0.005- 0.006-, 0.406-0.660; 0.345-1.026 Ag g(-1) dry weight in the bark respectively. In the soils supporting these plants the values of Pb, Cd, Zn and Cu varied between 0.812-6.745; 0.002-0.006; 2.196-4.598; 0.517-1.117 mu gg(-1) dry weight respectively. When we compare the concentrations of the heavy metals in the leaves, bark and soils, we can see that the values in the urban roadside are higher than other sites. According to these results concentration of C C:1 heavy metals in A. hippocastanum did not exceed the upper limit. A highly linear regression was obtained for Pb, Zn and Cu between concentrations of the element in surface soil and in the washed leaves of plant but the correlation in the case of Cd was insignificant.