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Öğe Effects of beneficial endophytic fungi under different irrigation regimes of greenhouse cucumber(International Society for Horticultural Science, 2020) Tuzel, Y.; Tuzel, I.H.; Oztekin, G.B.; Malkoçlu, M.C.This study was conducted in order to determine the effects of beneficial organisms under different irrigation regimes with different leaching rates in greenhouse cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) production. Two beneficial microorganisms, namely mychorriza (Glomus species) and Trichoderma harzianum and their combination mychorriza + T. harzianum were tested comparing with control (no treatment) under two irrigation programs based on indoor integrated solar radiation levels of 1 or 2 MJ m-2 with a two different leaching rates of 20% and 40%. Cucumber plants were grown during the spring growing season (16 March-10 July 2015) in unheated greenhouse conditions. Perlite was used as substrate with a volume of 6 L per plant. Results showed that total yield varied between 17.0 and 33.3 kgm-2 and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) and water use efficiency (WUE) of cucumber crop changed between 39-58 kg m-3 and 67-82 kg m-3, respectively. Among the tested treatments the highest yield was obtained under frequent irrigation application of 1 MJ m-2 × leaching rate of 40% × mychorriza and mychorriza + T. harzianum interactions. © 2020 International Society for Horticultural Science. All rights reserved.Öğe Effects of beneficial microorganisms on organic lettuce growing(International Society for Horticultural Science, 2020) Unal, N.; Oztekin, G.B.; Sevinc, S.; Uludag, T.; Saley, O.; Tuzel, Y.; Tuzel, I.H.This study was conducted in order to determine the effects of beneficial microorganisms on two lettuce cultivars ('Maritima' and 'Patagonia') in organic production. Two beneficial microorganisms, namely mycorrhiza (Glomus spp.) and Trichoderma harzianum stain KRL-AG2 and their combination (mycorrhiza + T. harzianum) were tested comparing with the control (no treatment). Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) plants were grown between 14.11.2016 and 02.03.2017 in an unheated greenhouse with a plant density of 5.7 plant m-2. At the end of the growing period, yield and head quality parameters such lettuce size, color, vitamin C and nitrate contents were determined. The results showed that cultivar 'Patagonia' gave the highest yield (2.18 kg m-2) and highest head size (366.16 g m-2), however among the tested microorganisms, mycorrhiza had higher performance as beneficial microorganism compared with the other treatments. © 2020 International Society for Horticultural Science. All rights reserved.Öğe Effects of mycorrhiza and irrigation programs on strawberry production in substrate culture(International Society for Horticultural Science, 2020) Unal, N.; Tuzel, Y.; Tuzel, Ii.H.; Oztekin, G.B.The study was conducted in order to determine the effects of mycorrhiza use in two irrigation programs on yield, fruit quality and water consumption of strawberry plants ('Kabarla') grown in perlite. The experiment was carried out during the winter season of 2016 in a PE covered bitunnel at the Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture at Ege University. In mycorrhiza treatment, ERS (endo roots soluble) was used as mycorrhizal source (0.250 g m-2) and has been applied as dipping of seedling roots before the planting. The plants were irrigated according to the integrated indoor solar radiation levels of 1 or 2 MJ m-2. The amount of irrigation was based on the leaching rate of 30-40% in both treatments. Treatment without mycorrhiza and 1 MJ m-2 were evaluated as control. Experimental design was randomized blocks with 3 replications. Our results indicated that irrigation and mycorrhiza treatments affected total yield and some fruit quality parameters. Fruit firmness, EC of fruit juice and total soluble solids increased and water consumption changed significantly. It was concluded that mycorrhiza application increased total and marketable yields and water use efficiency especially in 2 MJ m-2,. © 2020 International Society for Horticultural Science. All rights reserved.Öğe Effects of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and olive waste compost on organic tomato seedling production(International Society for Horticultural Science, 2020) Tuzel, Y.; Oztekin, G.B.; Ekinci, K.; Varol, N.; Ozaktan, H.; Besirli, G.The aim of this experiment was to evaluate composts produced from by-products of olive oil production as a constituent of growing media and to improve seedling growth with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in organic tomato seedling production. Two composts, two-phase (2POMW) and three-phase (3POMW) olive mill wastes with separated dairy manure, poultry manure, and straw using aerated static pile composting methods were produced. Composts obtained from 2POMW and 3POMW are named as C1 and C2, respectively. C1 and C2 were separately enriched by rock phosphate and potassium salt (EC1 and EC2). In this experiment, 25 and 50% compost rates were selected based on our previous results and used to mix with local peat (LP), respectively. Treated seeds with Bacillus subtilis (strain 66/3) and Pseudomonas fluorescens (strain 112) were sown on March 7, 2017. Peat (100%) and non-PGPR treated seeds were used as controls. Each treatment had 4 replicates and each replicate included 64 plants in a tray with a volume of 33 mL each. After 3 days in germination room in dark at 24°C, seedlings were moved to a greenhouse. Some physical and chemical properties of each growing medium, germination rate and period, seedling vigor, leaf color and chlorophyll content (SPAD) were determined. The effects of PGPRs and growing media on many measured parameters were found statistically different. The treatment 25% EC1+75% LP mixture gave the highest seedling biomass, germination rate and period followed by 25% EC2+75% LP. Olive mill wastes had a higher chlorophyll content, seedling height, shoot fresh weight and root and shoot dry weights than peat. It was concluded that usage of enriched composts with a rate of 25% could be an alternative to reduce the amount of peat in organic tomato seedling production and their effects can be improved with the use of either B. subtilis or P. fluorescens. © 2020 International Society for Horticultural Science. All rights reserved.Öğe Effects of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria combined with composts obtained from rose oil processing wastes on organic tomato seedling production(International Society for Horticultural Science, 2020) Oztekin, G.B.; Tuzel, Y.; Ekinci, K.; Ozaktan, H.; Besirli, G.The objective of this experiment was to assess the performance of compost in organic growing medium with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) for organic tomato cultivar 'Rio Grande' seedling production. The study was conducted during the spring growing season of 2017. Two different composts previously obtained from a mixture containing rose oil processing wastes, separated dairy manure, poultry manure, and straw composted by two methods (aerated static pile: ASP and turned windrow: TW) and their mixtures (1:1 and 1:3; v/v) with local peat (LP) were used as a growing medium. Seeds treated with Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens were sown on March 7, 2017. Peat and non-PGPR treated seeds were used as controls. All media were sifted before use. After 3 days in germination room, seedlings were moved to a PE greenhouse specialized for seedling growing. Liquid organic fertilizer was used for fertilization. Some physical and chemical properties of each growing medium, seed germination rate and period of seeds, seedling vigour, leaf color and SPAD index for chlorophyll were determined. The effects of PGPR on most measured parameters were found significant. Among the tested PGPRs, B. subtilis improved seed germination rate and vigour, reduced germination period and leaf chlorophyll content. Based on the seed vigour test, peat and compost produced from ASP showed better performance and were found comparable. In conclusion, compost produced from ASP can be used in organic tomato seedling production and B. subtilis × 50% compost-ASP + 50% LP was found to be the most promising based on the measurements of seedling growth parameters. © 2020 International Society for Horticultural Science. All rights reserved.Öğe Effects of salinity on iceberg lettuce production in floating hydroponics(International Society for Horticultural Science, 2020) Gul, A.; Oztekin, G.B.; Tuzel, Y.; Tuzel, Ii.H.; Tepecik, M.The experiment was carried out in an unheated plastic tunnel in Izmir, Turkey. Three different salinity levels (EC1, EC2 and EC3) were compared, 8.76 and 17.52 mM NaCl was added for EC2 and EC3, respectively, into the nutrient solution used as control (EC1). NaCl application was started when leaves and roots of the plants began to develop, and continued up to harvest. Temperatures of greenhouse air and nutrient solution, changes in EC of nutrient solution, head weight, nitrate concentration of the leaves, consumption of nutrient solution, and element contents of the leaves were determined. The trial was repeated in three different periods: from December 16 to March 13 (Experiment 1), from March 24 to May 2 (Experiment 2) and from May 18 to June 28 (Experiment 3). Plants were grown successfully during the first two trials; on the other hand, all plants died 41 days after transplanting due to the high temperatures in Experiment 3. In the first trial, head weight changed according to salinity of nutrient solution, and the highest value (464 g) was obtained at EC2 compared to EC3 (419 g) and EC1 (438 g). There were no significant differences between EC levels of nutrient solution in respect to head weight changing between 535 and 588 g in the second trial. Nitrate concentration of the leaves decreased by increasing EC of nutrient solution. © 2020 International Society for Horticultural Science. All rights reserved.Öğe Impact of nutrient solution concentration and growth period on baby leaf purslane production in floating system(International Society for Horticultural Science, 2020) Oztekin, G.B.; Uludag, T.; Tuzel, Y.This study was conducted in a greenhouse during the winter-spring of 2016-2017 as two successive periods, and aimed to determine the effects of nutrient solution concentrations on baby leaf purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) production in floating system. Cultivation was carried out in seedling trays placed on aerated nutrient solutions and seeds were sown into peat. Each seed was sown into each hole (17 mL) of trays having 210 cells in each (957 plants m-2). Following germination in the germination chamber, seeds were moved to climate controlled greenhouse. After emergence, seedlings in trays were placed onto water culture on December 7, 2016 for the 1st period and on March 10, 2017 for the 2nd period. Two nutrient solution doses as 1) "full dose" (complete nutrient solution) and 2) "half dose" (50% reduced macro-nutrients of full dose) and "water" (without nutrients) were applied. Plants were harvested when they reached to 12-15 cm in length, and harvested 3 times in both periods. Findings of the study showed that plant growth, yield and quality varied depending on the concentration of nutrient solution as well as the temperature during the growing period. When the temperatures were higher, yield increase and earliness were achieved. Although yield values decreased when the concentration of nutrient solution decreased, there were no significant differences between full and half dose treatments in many measured parameters. As the nutrient solution concentration decreased, vitamin C content increased and nitrate content decreased. Leaf N, P, K and Fe contents decreased with decrease in the nutrient solution concentration, whereas Ca contents increased. It was concluded that baby leaf purslane can be grown in a floating water culture resulting in a reduction in nitrate content and half-dose could be applied considering yield, however, growing period should be taken into account due to the higher yield and quality in spring season. © 2020 International Society for Horticultural Science. All rights reserved.Öğe Off-seasonal soilless production of green vegetables in reused substrates in Mediterranean unheated greenhouses(International Society for Horticultural Science, 2020) Oztekin, G.B.; Gul, A.Soilless cultivation is progressing slowly in low technology greenhouses (LTG) based on favorable natural conditions in Turkey similar most of the Mediterranean countries, and generally it has been applied in high technology greenhouses (HTG). Tomato and blocky type pepper are major crops for HTG which have central heating system, and vegetation period lasts nearly all over the year. On the other hand, in the LTG that covers 98% of total greenhouse area, growers prefer double season production method for fruiting vegetables in order to reduce heating costs, whereas during colder seasons the greenhouse is left empty. As a consequence, higher profitability can be achieved if the crop is produced at this off-season time. This research was conducted in PE high tunnel to determine production possibilities of some green vegetables in different substrates during off-season. The tested plants were green onion, green garlic, parsley, rocket and cress. Plants were grown in horizontal pots (75×23×16 cm) filled with three different substrates, namely perlite, clinoptilolite and coir, that were also reused after main crop production. On November 4, 2009, 30 onion shallots or 30 garlic cloves were transplanted to each pot with double line, and seeds of three leafy vegetable species (parsley, rocket, cress) were sown (in measure of 0.5 g of seeds pot-1). Plants were grown until January 5, and yield data were determined. Results showed that green vegetables can be grown in reused substrates in two months, and this method can be used for small scale farmers applying soilless cultivation in unheated greenhouses. Also, this method can be used for growing these vegetables at home gardens or balconies. © 2020 International Society for Horticultural Science. All rights reserved.
