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Öğe Assessment of Cervical Cancer Risk in Women between 15 and 49 Years of Age: Case of Izmir(Asian Pacific Organization Cancer Prevention, 2013) Sogukpinar, Neriman; Saydam, Birsen Karaca; Can, Hafize Ozturk; Hadimli, Aytul; Bozkurt, Ozlem Demirel; Yucel, Ummahan; Kocak, Yeliz Cakir; Akmese, Zehra Baykal; Demir, Dogan; Ceber, Esin; Ozenturk, GulsunBackground: The aim of the study was to determine risk factors for cervical cancer for women in Izmir. Methods: This cross-sectional, descriptive field covered a population of 4319 women of reproductive age (15-49) (household registration in the Mukhtar's office-2007). A total of 1,637 women were included in the sample given a four-part questionnaire through face-to-face interview by visiting the women in their homes in order to determine socio-demographic factors, obstetric history, genital hygiene and the use of family planning methods. In addition, during the data collection process, the women were given group training in order to raise awareness of cervical cancer. The number and percentage distributions of the data were calculated. Results: While the average age of the women was 31.9 +/- 9.77 (Min: 15.00-Max: 49.00), education level of 43.4% of them was elementary school only. It was determined that 70.3% of the women experienced at least one pregnancy, 71.0% had vaginal delivery and 75.9% used a contraceptive method. In the study it was determined that among the cervical cancer related risks vaginal delivery, vaginal lavage and having three or more pregnancies had the highest rates, while having sexual intercourse before 16 years of age and having more than one sexual partner constituted lower rates. The rate of the women who stated not having a smear in the last three years was 82.4%. Conclusions: Considering the case in terms of having Pap smear test, women's awareness on the risk factors and early diagnosis of cervical cancer was found to be low. Due to this reason, awareness of women has to be raised through education.Öğe Assessment of Cervical Cancer Risk in Women between 15 and 49 Years of Age: Case of Izmir(Asian Pacific Organization Cancer Prevention, 2013) Sogukpinar, Neriman; Saydam, Birsen Karaca; Can, Hafize Ozturk; Hadimli, Aytul; Bozkurt, Ozlem Demirel; Yucel, Ummahan; Kocak, Yeliz Cakir; Akmese, Zehra Baykal; Demir, Dogan; Ceber, Esin; Ozenturk, GulsunBackground: The aim of the study was to determine risk factors for cervical cancer for women in Izmir. Methods: This cross-sectional, descriptive field covered a population of 4319 women of reproductive age (15-49) (household registration in the Mukhtar's office-2007). A total of 1,637 women were included in the sample given a four-part questionnaire through face-to-face interview by visiting the women in their homes in order to determine socio-demographic factors, obstetric history, genital hygiene and the use of family planning methods. In addition, during the data collection process, the women were given group training in order to raise awareness of cervical cancer. The number and percentage distributions of the data were calculated. Results: While the average age of the women was 31.9 +/- 9.77 (Min: 15.00-Max: 49.00), education level of 43.4% of them was elementary school only. It was determined that 70.3% of the women experienced at least one pregnancy, 71.0% had vaginal delivery and 75.9% used a contraceptive method. In the study it was determined that among the cervical cancer related risks vaginal delivery, vaginal lavage and having three or more pregnancies had the highest rates, while having sexual intercourse before 16 years of age and having more than one sexual partner constituted lower rates. The rate of the women who stated not having a smear in the last three years was 82.4%. Conclusions: Considering the case in terms of having Pap smear test, women's awareness on the risk factors and early diagnosis of cervical cancer was found to be low. Due to this reason, awareness of women has to be raised through education.Öğe Breast Cancer Risk and Early Diagnosis Applications in Turkish Women Aged 50 and Over(Asian Pacific Organization Cancer Prevention, 2013) Ceber, Esin; Mermer, Gulengul; Okcin, Figen; Sari, Dilek; Demireloz, Mahide; Eksioglu, Aysun; Ogce, Filiz; Cakir, Dilek; Ozenturk, GulsunBackground: The aim of the study was to determine breast cancer risk and early diagnosis applications in women aged >= 50. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional, descriptive field study focused on a population of 4,815 in Mansuroglu with a 55.1% participation rate in screening. In the study, body mass index (BMI) was also evaluated in the calculation of breast cancer risk by the Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool (BCRA) (also called the "Gail Risk Assessment Tool"). The interviewers had a three-hour training provided by the researchers, during which interactive training methods were used and applications were supported with role-plays. Results: The mean age of the women participating in the study was 60.1 +/- 8.80. Of these women, 57.3% were in the 50-59 age group, 71.7% were married, 57.3% were primary school graduates and 61.7% were housewives. Breast-cancer development rate was 7.4% in the women participating in the study. When they were evaluated according to their relationship with those with breast cancer, it was determined that 73.0% of them had first-degree relatives with breast cancer. According to the assessment based on the Gail method, the women's breast cancer development risk within the next 5 years was 17.6%, whereas their calculated lifetime risk was found to be as low as 0.2%. Statistically significant differences (P=0.000) were determined between performing BSE - CBE and socio-demographic factors. Conclusions: It was determined that 17.6% of the participants had breast cancer risk. There was no statistically significant difference between the women with and without breast cancer risk in terms of early diagnosis practices, which can be regarded as a remarkable finding. It was planned to provide training about the early diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer for people with high-risk scores, and to conduct population-based breast cancer screening programs.Öğe Breast Cancer Risk and Early Diagnosis Applications in Turkish Women Aged 50 and Over(Asian Pacific Organization Cancer Prevention, 2013) Ceber, Esin; Mermer, Gulengul; Okcin, Figen; Sari, Dilek; Demireloz, Mahide; Eksioglu, Aysun; Ogce, Filiz; Cakir, Dilek; Ozenturk, GulsunBackground: The aim of the study was to determine breast cancer risk and early diagnosis applications in women aged >= 50. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional, descriptive field study focused on a population of 4,815 in Mansuroglu with a 55.1% participation rate in screening. In the study, body mass index (BMI) was also evaluated in the calculation of breast cancer risk by the Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool (BCRA) (also called the "Gail Risk Assessment Tool"). The interviewers had a three-hour training provided by the researchers, during which interactive training methods were used and applications were supported with role-plays. Results: The mean age of the women participating in the study was 60.1 +/- 8.80. Of these women, 57.3% were in the 50-59 age group, 71.7% were married, 57.3% were primary school graduates and 61.7% were housewives. Breast-cancer development rate was 7.4% in the women participating in the study. When they were evaluated according to their relationship with those with breast cancer, it was determined that 73.0% of them had first-degree relatives with breast cancer. According to the assessment based on the Gail method, the women's breast cancer development risk within the next 5 years was 17.6%, whereas their calculated lifetime risk was found to be as low as 0.2%. Statistically significant differences (P=0.000) were determined between performing BSE - CBE and socio-demographic factors. Conclusions: It was determined that 17.6% of the participants had breast cancer risk. There was no statistically significant difference between the women with and without breast cancer risk in terms of early diagnosis practices, which can be regarded as a remarkable finding. It was planned to provide training about the early diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer for people with high-risk scores, and to conduct population-based breast cancer screening programs.Öğe Cancer Epidemiology and Control in North-Western and Central Asia - Past, Present and Future(Asian Pacific Organization Cancer Prevention, 2010) Moore, Malcolm A.; Eser, Sultan; Igisinov, Nurbek; Igisinov, Saginbek; Mohagheghi, Mohammad Ali; Mousavi-Jarrahi, Alireza; Ozenturk, Gulsun; Soipova, Mashhura; Tuncer, Murat; Sobue, TomotakaThe North-Western and Central region of Asia stretches from Turkey through Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan, to Iran and Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tadjikistan and Afghanistan. These countries in the main share Turkic, Iranian or Caucasus ethnicity and culture and can be considered as a regional entity for cooperation in control of cancer. The present review of cancer registry and other epidemiological data was undertaken to provide an evidence base for cancer control programs and pointers to possible research collaboration. The most prevalent cancer site in males is the lung in the Western part of the region and the stomach in most of Iran and Central Asia, followed by the oesophagus in the latter two. Bladder cancer is comparatively frequent throughout. In females breast cancer is number one, generally followed by gastric, oesophageal or cervical lesions. However, there are interesting differences between countries or regions, particularly regarding the stomach. General tendencies for increase in adenocarcinomas but decrease in squamous cell carcinomas and gastric cancer point to change in environmental influence over time. Variation in risk factors depends to some extent on the level of economic development but overall the countries of the region face similar challenges in achieving effective cancer control, underlying the necessity for cooperation.Öğe Eating Habits, Knowledge about Cancer Prevention and the HPLP Scale in Turkish Adolescents(Asian Pacific Organization Cancer Prevention, 2008) Can, Hafize Ozturk; Ceber, Esin; Sogukpinar, Neriman; Saydam, Birsen Karaca; Otles, Semih; Ozenturk, GulsunBackground: Nutritional status and healthy lifestyle are important factors not only in cancer etiology but also for prevention efforts. A good nutritional status contributes to a healthy life with high economic, social and cultural level. Unhealthy eating habits are part of risky behavior seen from adolescence. The present study was therefore carried out to determine eating habits, level of knowledge about cancer prevention and behavior of a group of adolescents. Methods: Data were collected using questionnaire covering eating habits and knowledge of adolescents on prevention from cancer, and special scale (HPLP) to determine the related behavior. Three hundred sixty six of 390 students volunteered for study. Results: Eating habits and the level of cancer prevention knowledge were similar for both genders, except for the exercise issue. The mean total points of adolescents in the Health Promotion Behavior and Subscales was 113,63. While spiritual growth had the highest score in HPLP subscale, exercise had a minimal score. Exercise was the only HPLP subscale with a statistically significant difference between male and female genders. Conclusions: Although they have some information, the adolescents surveyed did not have preventive skills relative to their practical life. In general in order to ensure cancer prevention and a healthy life style social, cultural and sportive activities should be encouraged and educational programmes supporting these goals should be designed and applied for all stages of life, starting in early childhood.Öğe Efficacy of a Training Course Given by Midwives Concerning Cervical Cancer Risk Factors and Prevention(Asian Pacific Organization Cancer Prevention, 2009) Yucel, Ummahan; Ceber, Esin; Ozenturk, GulsunBackground: Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer type seen among women in most countries and an important cause of mortality. Although it is a preventable disease, most women living in developing countries cannot reach effective screening programs. It is essential that appropriate education about cervical cancer is provided. Objective: This experimental field study was performed with the aim of evaluating the efficacy of training given to women about cervical cancer risk factors and primary and secondary prevention precautions. Methods: The research focused on women between 25 and 29 years of age, literate, married and having social security. The study was conducted in the district of Evka 4 Health Care Center between the dates of April to August 2005. The women were given survey forms and questionnaires in order to determine their socio-demographic features and knowledge level about cervical cancer in the course of home visits. They were trained and given a manual at the data collection stage. At a second visit, carried out three months later, the trained women were again evaluated for their knowledge level about cervical cancer, risk factors and whether they had undergone a Pap smear test. Results: Together with the difference between pre-/post-training mean information scores related to women's cervical cancer risk factors, the difference between the women's having a Pap smear test in the pre-/post-training period was found statistically significant. Only 16.3% of the women stated that they had a Pap smear test in the post-training period. Conclusions: It was determined that the women were in need of knowledge about risk factors related to cervical cancer, prevention from and early diagnosis of cervical cancer, but there was no significant increase in the rate of having a Pap smear test despite the increase in the knowledge level with the training given.Öğe Health Beliefs and Breast Self-Examination in a Sample of Turkish Women Academicians in a University(Asian Pacific Organization Cancer Prevention, 2009) Ceber, Esin; Yucel, Ummahan; Mermer, Guelenguel; Ozenturk, GulsunObjective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate health beliefs and BSE behavior of female academicians in a Turkish university. Methods: This descriptive study was conducted at various faculties located in Ege University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2005. The sample consisted of 224 female academicians. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire and the Turkish version of Champion's Health Belief Model Scales (HBM). Descriptive statistics, t-test and Mann Whitney u analysis were conducted. Results: The percentage of participants who regularly performed BSE was 27.7 %. Benefits and health motivation related to BSE ranked either first or second, along with confidence. Perceived barriers to BSE had the lowest item mean subscale score in academicians. Single academicians perceived susceptibility and seriousness higher than their married counterparts. Family history of breast cancer of participants affected their health beliefs subscale. Conclusions: BSE performance among participants was more likely in women academicians who exhibited higher confidence and those who perceived fewer barriers related to BSE performance, complying with the conceptual structure of the HBM. Therefore, it is recommended that in order to increase the rates of regular breast cancer screening, mass health protective programs based on the HBM should be executed for women.Öğe Reliability and Validity of the Reproductive Health Scale for Turkish Adolescents(Ortadogu Ad Pres & Publ Co, 2010) Saydam, Birsen Karaca; Ceber, Esin; Bilge, Ayseguel; Can, Hafize Oeztuerk; Mermer, Guelenguel; Demireloz, Mahide; Ozenturk, GulsunObjective: This study was conducted to develop the Reproductive Health Scale (RHS) as a valid and reliable measure of adolescents' reproductive behavior. Material and Methods: Data were collected using self-report method from 320 students, aged between 17 - 30 years. Two questionnaires were used in this research: a socio-demographic data form and RHS, developed by the researchers. Kendall coefficient of concordance (W) was used for RHS' content analysis, and stability over time (test-retest reliability) and Pearson product moment correlation coefficient were used for its reliability analysis. In addition, internal consistency, Cronbach alpha calculation, Item to total score correlation technique, split-half and Spearman-Brown reliability coefficients were also calculated. Results: Exploratory principal components' analysis with varimax rotation yielded 34 items consisting of six factors: Partner selection, values in developing protective behavior, consultation, communication with sexual partner, confidence and protection from sexually transmitted diseases, accounting for 48.5% of the variance. Alpha reliability was 0.88; factor reliabilities ranged from 0.55 to 0.84. It was concluded that the adolescents who responded to the scale had more positive attitudes in reproductive health as their scores increased. Conclusion: The results of this study determined that this scale was highly reliable. It is suggested that the scale can be used in reproductive health studies carried out with adolescents and in their education in order to determine their statuses and also its validity and reliability analyses can be performed by applying it to different groups.
