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Öğe Agroecological aspect of olive cultivation(Scibulcom Ltd., 2014) Esetlili M.T.; Ozen F.; Kurucu Y.; Kaya U.Olive cultivation is very common in the Aegean region of Turkey and the sloping lands of this region face with severe erosion due to intensive cultivation practices. Erosion rapidly leads to infertile lands owing to detritions of the most productive top layer of soil and removal of soil to low lands on the slope. The level of erosion in olive-plantation zones has reached to a level that threatens even the agriculture of this crop. In this study, soil loss which results from conversion of natural vegetation such as maquis and forests into olive plantation was determined by using remote sensing technique and GIS. Results of the study showed that lands which were converted into olive plantations have a soil lose of 12.159 t ha-1 annually. If natural vegetation of the lands was protected, only 3.965 t ha-1 year soil would be lost. This result states that every year 8.194 t ha-1 of soil are lost because of land use changes into olive cultivation on sloppy lands. It is known that similar agricultural land use plans have been supported by government in the Aegean region, which results to huge amounts of soil loss. Also, this result shows ecological damage of soil practices causing accelerated erosion and olive cultivation without precautions against erosion.Öğe THE COMPARE of OLIVE TREE COUNTING METHODS(Parlar Scientific Publications, 2020) Ozen F.; Bolca M.In this project, which is aimed to determine the presence of olive trees, the template method which is applied manually (screen digitize) and OLICOUNT software which can make semiautomatic counting, eCognition software which is an object-based approach, and new M-OLICOUNT methods created by modifying the OLICOUNT were compared. In this study, 60 cm resolution images of Quickbird satellite including NIR wavelength energy were used. In order to prevent the decrease of accuracy by other trees mixing with the olive trees, the image of the winter months when the trees shed their leaves was used. As the study area, Karaot Village and its environs in the northeast of Torbali district of izmir province, villages in the center and surrounding of Urla District and lands in Mordogan Town of Karaburun District where the olive cover is widespread were chosen. As a result, it was determined that the accuracy rate of manual counting method was higher in comparison with other methods in the areas where olive trees were found mixed with natural vegetation where the topography was sloped under the conditions of Aegean Region and therefore the shadow effect was high. The other three methods were found to provide better performance in terms of time, labor and cost in areas which are flat and with a slope that is close to being flat and where the olive tree cultivation is made as an orchard production. © 2020 Parlar Scientific Publications. All rights reserved.Öğe Creating potential erosion risk map of the Karaburun Peninsula by Geographical Information System and remote sensing technique(2011) Kurucu Y.; Altinbas U.; Uysal H.; Bolca M.; Esetlili M.T.; Ozen F.; Yonter G.; Ozden N.; Yolcu G.; Karakurt H.; Altun N.With this study, it is aimed to draw a potential erosion risk map needed to be used for planning the precautions against erosion, which is one of the biggest problems of our country, by using advanced techniques. An area of 1126 km 2 including the Cesme Karaburun Peninsula, which is located on the west coast of Turkey, has been selected as study area. RUSLE soil loss factors have been used in the study. Each factor used for detecting the soil loss has been determined geographically from different sources and recorded as layer in database according to Geographic Information System. In the study, for determining the C factor a 15-m spatial resolution ASTER image, for determining 'L' and 'S' factors numerical counter lines, for determining 'R' factor weather observation results, and for determining 'K' factor, soil order maps have been used. Afterwards, layers are united by using spatial intersection and new polygons containing all attributes have been created. After the database was created, the Rusle model has been applied and as a result soil loss has been determined for each polygon. At the end of the study, it has been determined that the soil loss in the Cesme Karaburun Peninsula, selected as study area, amounts to 1 279 548 t/ha/year.Öğe Determination of the arsenic pollution due to geothermal sources in the agricultural lands of Alangullu-Aydin region(Scibulcom Ltd., 2014) Esetlili M.T.; Colak Esetlili B.; Ozen F.; Bolca M.; Kurucu Y.Arsenic, along with Hg, Sb, B, Li and F, is one of the important components of geothermal waters. In regions where geothermal waters are found abundantly, the arsenic content of these waters easily mixes into the watersheds and rivers. WHO reports the limit values of 10 µg/l for drinking waters, 19 µg/l for protection of aquatic life and FAO (Food and Agriculture Organisation) permissible limit for irrigation water (100 µg/l). Arsenic, which is a natural pollutant in general, is of utmost importance due to its proven adverse impacts in particular on human health. Health problems due to high levels of arsenic are encountered in many countries such as Bangladesh, India, United States of America, Argentina, Chile, Taiwan and China. In this study, the arsenic content of the water and soil samples were evaluated to determine the impact of arsenic (As) pollution from geothermal sources on agricultural lands in Aydin-Germencik Alangullu Region which is a sub-basin of Great Menderes Basin (Western Turkey), where sodium chloride type geothermal sources are found as open systems. Water samples were taken from 4 different geothermal sources with natural flow conditions into agricultural lands of the basin. The As contents of the geothermal waters were measured between 680 and 1150 µg/l. Soil samples taken from four different areas differed in relation to the impact level of the source and were determined to be between 14.88 and 48.50 mg kg-1. The distribution of the impacted agricultural lands in the sub-basin was mapped using geostatistical methods.Öğe A gis-based model for rating natural protection areas according to natural protection priorities(2007) Bahar T.; Kurucu Y.; Bolca M.; Altinbas U.; Esetlili T.; Gulgun B.; Ozen F.; Gencer G.; Guney A.; Hepcan S.; Ozden N.There has been a major urban shift of population in Turkey over the last century. Most people lived in rural areas until 1960, but now more than half live in urban areas. This trend has continued over the last 20 years, as families moved further away from city centres to find houses in the country, and this has caused land use to change rapidly. In decision-making studies to protect nature areas, rating and assessment of ecological data by scientific verification is difficult due to the huge volumeand diversity of data. Therefore, the search for the most suitable and applicable method to achieve physical planning based on ecological understanding has been sought. The necessity for numerous parameters to be taken into account has stimulated the use of geographic information systems (GIS). This study assesses the usefulness of a GIS-based model in the protected area of Kaynaklar County, to the south of the city of Izmir. Existing cultural and natural land-use types, as well as soil, hydrologic, geologic and geomorphologic data layers (future classes) were gathered from field observation and using Landsat and IKONOS satellite images, and transferred to a database according to GIS rules. Index values were determined by taking impact on attributes of natural protection as a priority and these were attached to each feature class. Layers of data were merged by spatial intersection methods and new polygons were created for both cultural and natural features. A three-grade final map of the study area was generated using total index values of each new polygon. © 2007 Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.Öğe Impact of land use changes on agricultural ecosystem: A case study of kemalpasa-izmir(Scibulcom Ltd., 2014) Ozen F.; Esetlili M.T.; Bolca M.; Kurucu Y.Differentiating elements of developed and developing societies are basically population, industrialisation, energy and ecological environment. This phenomenon, which is based on the four essential elements, is the key of a life where all creatures in the life cycle and their sustainable interactions exist and their negative issues are predictable. In this project, how the decisions, which were taken in order to meet growing energy needs of increasing population, residence, new working areas as a result of growing industrialisation between 1975-2013 years, have affected irrigating agriculture fields and natural habitat are researched. The Kemalpasa plain in Izmir province was chosen to be the research area as this area contains fertile agricultural fields and the environment in this area is under threat of growing industrialisation in recent years. Most of the lands in the region were determined to be unsuitable for non-Agricultural activities (LUCC I-IV) in terms of land use capability. Due to microclimatic features of the region, cherry cultivation owning high income for agricultural economy of the region is intensively performed as well and this region has the earliest harvested cherry in the local region. Land use of planted agriculture fields, residential zones, industrial zones, agricultural zones and natural vegetation were detected, and their change with respect to time was examined. By this way, the effects of growing industrialisation in time on soil, agricultural activities taking place on soil and ecological environment were presented.Öğe Mapping vegetation of wetland based upon an object-oriented classification with high resolution orthophotos(Parlar Scientific Publications, 2020) Ozen F.Gediz Delta, which is under protection under the Ramsar Convention, is one of the most important wetlands of Turkey. In the Delta in which there are numerous lagoons, saline, and freshwater swamps and a big salt marsh, there is also the Bird Sanctuary which is of great importance for ornitho-tourism. Plant species in wetlands are characterized as bio-monitors that can show changes and pollution factors and levels within the area due to their properties. Monitoring of changes in plant species and geographical distribution is extremely important for the sustainability of diversity and balance in the ecosystem. In this study, it is aimed to determine the distribution areas of each taxon by creating a map of flora, which is known to be found in the wetlands of Gediz Delta and whose species are known but their distribution areas are unknown. Vegetation was observed in situ by field studies. Using the high-resolution infrared orthophoto images, the species and geographical distribution of the plants were determined by object-oriented classification method, which is a new approach in the determination of the elements on earth's surface. With this object-oriented approach, a new dimension has been given to classical classification processes. By transferring the area and average reflection values of the objects determined by using the properties of the method to the vector map as attribute information, it will be possible to create a reliable base for the "Wetland Management Plan", which is specified by experts as the most effective way to protect wetlands. © 2020 Parlar Scientific Publications. All rights reserved.Öğe Relationship between highway constructions and natural habitat. a case study of izmir highway(Scibulcom Ltd., 2014) Esetlili M.T.; Ozen F.; Kurucu Y.; Bolca M.Natural habitats and ecological systems provide living space for one or more living beings, and they are the source of biodiversity on Earth. Integrity of ecosystems impetuously collapse due to unplanned urbanisation, misuse of lands and excessive consumption of natural resources by human beings. Additionally, monitoring studies are not sufficient to plan preventions. The main aim of this study is to set a precedent by monitoring the damage, the pressure and time-dependent changes, which are caused by highway projects planned without analysing ecosystem flexibility, on natural habitats through the use of remote sensing technique and GIS. The effects of highway projects on habitats are investigated with respect to two different points of view. The first one is that highway projects directly invade and divide habitats. The other one is that highways become centre of attractions for residential and industrial zones, and demand for settlements increases around highways. The research area of this study is the most seriously affected natural area in Aegean region where Izmir-Aydin highway passes through. The changes in the research area in terms of land usage from 1984 to 2014 were analysed by satellite images. The size of industrial and residential zones in the research area was 138 ha in 1984. The size of industrial and residential zone has increased by 1.225% and reached to 1.690 ha as industrial and residential zones became denser throughout the highway. As a result of this study, it was determined that Izmir-Aydin highway has irreversibly split and destroyed substantial part of the natural habitat.
