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    Electrochemical sensors targeting salivary biomarkers: A comprehensive review
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2021) Mani, Veerappan; Beduk, Tutku; Khushaim, Walaa; Ceylan, Ayse Elcin; Timur, Suna; Wolfbeis, Otto S.; Salama, Khaled Nabil
    The analysis of salivary markers has grown into a promising non-invasive route for easy, safe, and pain-free monitoring and has the potential to alter the existing way of clinical diagnosis and management. Advancements in sensing technology, the arrival of novel materials, the innovative fabrication technologies, and sampling accuracy have made significant progress and establishing saliva as a fluid for routine analysis. Salivary biomarkers are useful to diagnose not only cardiovascular diseases, bacterial or viral infections but also cancer, diabetes, or Alzheimer's disease. in addition, saliva is analyzed in toxicology, forensic medicine and drug abuse. Electrochemical assays and sensors are well accepted tools because they allow for fast and cost-effective analysis. Nanomaterials, microfluidics, smartphones, paper-based, flexible and wearable devices have made significant advancements in saliva analysis. This review discusses the recent progress made in electrochemical methodologies for detecting salivary biomarkers. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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    Multiplexed aptasensor for detection of acute myocardial infraction (AMI) biomarkers
    (Royal Soc Chemistry, 2024) Beduk, Duygu; Beduk, Tutku; Lahcen, Abdellatif Ait; Mani, Veerappan; Celik, Emine Guler; Iskenderoglu, Gamze; Demirci, Ferhat
    Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a leading global cause of death. Diagnosis is challenging as cardiac biomarkers are only detectable for a few hours after AMI onset, and current methods are time-consuming and lack selectivity. Therefore, multiple immunological test systems have great importance for rapid and accurate diagnosis. In this context, we developed a rapid immunodiagnostic sensor platform for simultaneous electrochemical detection of cardiac troponin T (cTnT), troponin I (cTnI), and C-reactive protein (CRP) using nanostructured gold-modified laser-scribed graphene (LSG). Aptamer sensors were integrated into the LSG platform for selective AMI biomarkers sensing. Clinical validation was performed on biomarkers from blood samples of 51 AMI patients and 9 healthy controls. Limits of detection were 1.65 ng mL-1 cTnT, 2.58 ng mL-1 cTnI, and 1.84 ng mL-1 CRP. The analytical results determined by the developed platform were compared with the routine standard values of the same patients to prove the accuracy of aptasensors. Sensor results agreed well with standard laboratory assays, highlighting the accuracy of the test platform. The cTnT, cTnI and CRP multiplexed sensor platform demonstrates excellent performance for rapid and sensitive AMI screening. Schematic illustration of the developed aptasensor for multiplex detection of AMI biomarkers.
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    Multiplexed sensing techniques for cardiovascular disease biomarkers- A review
    (Elsevier Advanced Technology, 2022) Mani, Veerappan; Durmus, Ceren; Khushaim, Walaa; Ferreira, Daisy Camargo; Timur, Suna; Arduini, Fabiana; Salama, Khaled Nabil
    Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the number one cause of death worldwide, taking 17.9 million lives each year. The rapid, sensitive, and accurate determination of cardiac biomarkers is vital for the timely diagnosis of CVDs. For accurate diagnosis, dependence on a single biomarker is unreliable because each one has also been linked to other diseases. To overcome this problem, the multiplexed determination of two or more markers has emerged as a promising alternative to single-marker analysis. Over the last 5 years, research interest in the development of biosensors for targeting multiple cardiac markers has increased. In this study, we critically reviewed the various multiplexed biosensing approaches reported during the last 5 years, categorizing them by signal readouts. Prospective detection configurations, capture probes, electrode design strategies, electrode types, nanomaterials, reporter tags, and assay types were reviewed, tabulated, and critically discussed. Then, their advantages and limitations were highlighted. For each category, we provided our perspective as well as the overall critical discussion. Lastly, we summarized potential commercial multiplexed cardiac biosensors and commented on the challenges and future prospects for such sensors.