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Öğe Amerikan futbolu oynayan sporcularda peroneus longus kası üzerine uzun süreli elektrik stimulasyonu uygulamasının statik ve dinamik denge üzerine etkisi(Ege Üniversitesi, Tıp Fakültesi, 2017) Lima, Yavuz; İşlegen, ÇetinGiriş: Ayak bileği yaralanmaları tüm spor yaralanmaları içinde ilk sırada yer almaktadır. Ancak bu yaralanmaların önlenmesi konusuna gereken önem verilmemektedir. Kuvvet ve denge profili daha iyi olan bireylerde yaralanma olasılığı azalmaktadır. Uzun süreli elektrik stimülasyonu uygulaması ile bireylerde kuvvet ve dengede bazı kazanımlar gözlenebilir. Amaç: Bu çalışmanın temel amacı sağlıklı sporcularda peroneus longus kası üzerine uzun süreli elektrik stimülasyonu uygulamasının denge üzerindeki etkisini incelemektir. Ayrıca uygulama sayesinde kuvvet değerlerinde oluşabilecek farklılıklar da değerlendirilecektir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmaya erkekler üniversite liginde mücadele eden, iyi düzeyde antrene ve sağlıklı 40 Amerikan Futbolu oyuncusu katıldı. Çalışma başında yapılan değerlendirmede çeşitli nedenlerle dört katılımcı çalışma dışı bırakıldı. Otuz altı katılımcıya her iki bacak izometrik kas kuvvetleri, statik ve dinamik dengeyi değerlendirecek şekilde ilk testler yapıldı. Katılıcılar 19 çalışma, 17 kontrol grubu olacak şekilde ikiye ayrıldı. Tüm katılımcılar uygulama süresi boyunca takım antrenmanlarına devam etti. Kısıtlama uygulanmadı. Çalışma grubundaki 19 katılımcıya beş hafta haftada üç gün elektrik stimülasyonu uygulandı. Beş haftalık uygulama süresi boyunca dört katılımcı çeşitli nedenlerle çalışma dışı bırakıldı. On altı çalışma, 16 kontrol grubu olacak şekilde 32 katılımcı ile son testler yapıldı. vi İstatistiksel Analiz: İstatistiksel değerlendirmede SPSS programı kullanıldı. Sayısal veriler için ortalama ve standart sapma hesaplandı. Normallik testi yapıldı. Dağılımı normal olan verilerde parametrik, normal olmayan verilerde non- parametrik testler kullanıldı. P≤0.05 düzeyi anlamlı kabul edildi. Bulgular: Uygulanan elektrik stimülasyonu sonrası çalışma grubu dominant taraf ilk test-son test eversiyon ve dorsal fleksiyon kas kuvvetlerindeki farklılıklar anlamlı bulundu (p=0.041 ve p=0.017). Kontrol grubundaki kuvvet farklılıkları anlamlı değildi (p>0.05). Çalışma grubu ilk test-son test dominant taraf statik front-back salınım, dominant taraf dinamik mediolateral salınım ve çoklu eksen denge verileri arasındaki farklılıklar hipotezi destekler nitelikte anlamlı idi (sırasıyla p=0.05, p=0.027 ve p=0.015). Kontrol grubu statik front-back salınım denge verileri arasındaki farklılık da anlamlı bulundu (p=0.029). Sonuç: Çalışmanın ana hipotezi olan sağlıklı sporcularda uzun süre elektrik stimülasyonu uygulamasının statik ve dinamik dengeye olumlu etki göstereceği savı teyit edildi. Bu çalışma sağlıklı sporcularda beraberinde izometrik kasılmalar olmaksızın yapılan, uzun süreli elektrik stimülasyonu uygulamasının dengeye etkisini inceleyen ilk çalışmadır. Konu ile ilgili daha kapsamlı çalışmaların yapılması gerekebilir.Öğe Effects of COVID-19 pandemic on the psychological states of youth and adult elite male athletes(2022) Bolat, Gül Ünsel; Balcı, Görkem A.; Hurşitoğlu, Onur; Lima, Yavuz; Şenışık, Seçkin; Ergün, Metin; Denerel, NevzadObjective: Although the psychological states of athletes were negatively affected during the COVID-19 pandemic, there is a lack of studies examining the psychological impact on athletes according to age, sports discipline, and contact requirement of the sport. The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychological effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on elite athletes according to age, sport discipline (team-individual), and contact requirements of the sports (contact and non-contact). Material and methods: Three questionnaires (Depression anxiety stress scale-21, Impact of events scale (IES), International physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ)) were sent to participants’ smartphones, six weeks after professional football leagues were postponed. The online survey was completed by 440 athletes and 126 non-athlete volunteers. Athletes were divided into three groups as follows; team sports, individual contact, and individual non-contact-sports. Also, each group was subdivided into two age groups as youth and adult. Results: Depression, anxiety, and stress scores for the team sports were significantly lower than individual contact-sports (p<0.01 each) and individual non-contact-sports (p=0.02, p<0.01, p<0.01, respectively). IES score for the team sports was significantly lower than the individual contact sports, individual non-contact sports, and non-athlete volunteers (p<0.01, p=0.02, p=0.04, respectively). There was no other significant difference between the scale scores of the groups (athletes-control, or youth-adult) (p>0.05). Conclusion: Mental health status of team sport athletes were relatively protected, whereas, individual contact sports athletes were highly affected. The psychological states of individual contact athletes should be monitored closely, and necessary psychosocial support should be provided to create coping strategies.Öğe Electromyostimulation Application on Peroneus Longus Muscle Improves Balance and Strength in American Football Players(Human Kinetics Publ Inc, 2022) Lima, Yavuz; Ozkaya, Ozgur; Balci, Gorkem A.; Aydinoglu, Ramazan; Islegen, CetinPurpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 5 weeks of electromyostimulation (EMS) of the peroneus longus muscle on balance and muscle strength in American Football (AmF) players. Methods: Thirty-two healthy male athletes (4 American Football team training sessions per week, college level) were randomly divided into the EMS and control groups. The EMS applications were conducted on the dominant peroneus longus muscle 3 times per week for 5 weeks, with each application lasting 25 minutes. Before and after the interventions, the strength of ankle dorsiflexion-plantar flexion and foot eversion-inversion was measured with isometric dynamometer and anterior-posterior sway, mediolateral sway, perimeter, and ellipse area were measured with the Technobody Balance System in unilateral stance positions, while eyes were open. Results: Changes between initial and final tests for dorsiflexion and eversion strength, and mediolateral sway for dynamic balance in the groups were significantly different (P = .039, P = .027, P = .030, respectively). Conclusion: The EMS application had positive effects on muscle strength and dynamic balance of AmF players. The EMS can be used to improve isometric strength and dynamic balance in AmF players.Öğe The psychological impact of COVID-19 infection on athletes: example of professional male football players(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2021) Lima, Yavuz; Denerel, Nevzad; Oz, Nazli Deniz; Senisik, SeckinObjective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychological state of professional male football players who were infected by COVID-19. Method: The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 21 and Kessler Psychological Distress Scale were sent to players' smartphones by sharing a link to the questionnaire. A total of 523 professional football players aged between 18-38 years from 93 different sports clubs participated in the study. The players were divided into 2 groups according to Sars-COV-2 PCR test results. Results: Depression, anxiety, stress, and psychological distress scores of football players who were infected by COVID-19 were higher compared to players who were not infected by COVID-19 (all p < 0.001). Depression, stress, and psychological distress scores were higher for football players with higher loss of income than players with lower loss of income (p = 0.017, p = 0.007, p = 0.005, respectively). There were significant differences in anxiety, depression, and psychological distress scores in favor of the 18-22-year age group (p = 0.002, p = 0.009, p = 0.004, respectively). Conclusion: COVID-19 infection negatively affects the psychological states of football players. The psychological states of professional football players who were infected by COVID-19 should be monitored closely and psychological support should be provided.Öğe Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of Athlete Psychological Strain Questionnaire (APSQ)(2022) Lima, Yavuz; Oz, Nazlı Denız; Denerel, Nevzad; Özkaya, Özgür; Şenışık, Seçkin; Rice, SimonObjective: The aim of this study was to test the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Athlete Psychological Strain Questionnaire (APSQ). Material and Method: The APSQ, which consists of 10 items and 3 sub-dimensions (self-regulation dif?culty, performance concerns, and externalized coping) and assesses athlete-speci?c psychological distress, was administered to a total of 565 elite athletes (247 females, and 318 males). Con?r matory factor analysis (CFA) was used to assess construct validity, and Cronbach alpha reliability analysis was used to determine internal consistency. Concurrent validity of the APSQ with the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales-21 and the Kessler Psychological Stress Scale-10 was also tested. Results: Findings for construct validity were consistent with three-factor structure of the original questionnaire (RMSEA=0.05, SRMR=0.03, NFI=0.94, CFI=0.96, GFI=0.97). The Cronbach’s ? coef?cient of the whole scale was 0.83, and the Cronbach’s ? coef?cients of three sub-dimensions were 0.75, 0.69, and 0.50 separately. Conclusion: Findings demonstrate that the Turkish adaptation of the APSQ has suf?cient psychometric properties for widespread use, assessing key dimensions of psychological strain experienced by elite athletes.
