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    Comparison of Carcass Characteristics, Meat Quality, and Blood Parameters of Slow and Fast Grown Female Broiler Chickens Raised in Organic or Conventional Production System
    (Asian-Australasian Assoc Animal Production Soc, 2016) Comert, Muazzez; Sayan, Yilmaz; Kirkpinar, Figen; Bayraktar, O. Hakan; Mert, Selim
    The objective of the study was to compare the carcass characteristics, meat quality, and blood parameters of slow and fast grown female broiler chickens fed in organic or conventional production system. The two genotypes tested were medium slow-growing chickens (SG, Hubbard Red JA) and commercial fast-growing chickens (FG, Ross 308). Both genotypes (each represented by 400 chickens) were divided into two sub-groups fed either organic (O) or conventional (C) systems. Chickens of each genotype and system were raised in a semi environmentally controlled poultry house until 21 d of age and were assigned to 5 pens of 40 chickens each. Then, O system chickens were transferred into an open-side poultry house with an outdoor run. At 81 d of age, 10 female chickens from each genotype and from each production system (n = 40) were randomly chosen to provide material for analysis, and were weighed and brought to the slaughterhouse to assess carcass characteristics and meat quality. The blood parameters were determined by using 5 female chickens from each genotype and from each production system (n = 20). FG had the higher live weight, along with carcass, breast, and thigh-drumstick weights compared to SG (p<0.05). FG had the higher breast yield, whereas SG had the higher thigh-drumstick yield (p<0.05). The O system resulted in a higher amount of abdominal fat (p<0.05). In addition, the O system values were higher for dry matter, crude ash, crude protein, and pH(15) values in breast meat, and for crude ash, crude protein, and pH(15) values in drumstick meat (p<0.05). In addition, total saturated fatty acids, total mono-unsaturated fatty acids, and total omega 3 were significantly higher in the O system than in the C system. Thus, the O system showed a positive advantage compared to the C system regarding female chicken meat quality, primarily within the ash, protein, and total omega 3 fatty acid profiles. In conclusion, the present study indicated that the main factor affecting the carcass characteristics of female chickens was genotype, whereas the organic system contributed to enhanced meat quality. These findings provide a better understanding of the relative roles of genotype and production systems in female broiler characteristics, and might aid producers in designing their facilities to optimize yield and quality while maintaining acceptable animal welfare standards.
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    Effects of Dietary Ascorbic Acid on Blood Haematological Profile, Serum Biochemical Components and Tonic Immobility Reaction of Male Turkeys under Summer Condition
    (Japan Poultry Science Assoc, 2009) Konca, Yusuf; Kirkpinar, Figen; Cabuk, Metin
    This experiment was performed to determine the effects of dietary ascorbic acid (ASA) supplementation oil blood components, leukocyte and tonic immobility of male turkeys under summer conditions. A total of 120 one-day-old male turkeys were fed with three different diets. The experimental diets were: control without ASA (ASA-0), 150 mg of ASA/kg (ASA-150) and 300 mg of ASA/kg (ASA-300) of diet. The turkeys received the experimental diets for IS weeks. Diets ill mash form and water were provided ad libitum. In the ASA-150 and ASA-300 groups, the eosinophile and basophile ratios were higher than those of the ASA-0 group at 12 weeks of age (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001), but lymphocyte (L), heterophil (H), monocyte, H: L ratio and tonic immobility were not influenced by the ASA levels (P > 0.05). Both dietary ASA levels caused a quadratic decrease in serum cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) (P < 0.05), whereas dietary ASA caused a finer increase in serum iron concentration of turkey. (P < 0.05). Serum glucose, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein (HDL), total protein, albumin. globulin. lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glutamic pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), urea, Uric acid and alpha amylase were not affected by the addition of ASA to the diets (P < 0.05). As a conclusion, blood haematological profile, serum biochemical components and tonic immobility of turkeys were not significantly affected by dietary ASA levels at chronic high summer temperatures in general. and, therefore, there is no need for ASA supplementation in turkeys' diets under summer temperatures that do not exceed 31.7 degrees C.
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    Effects of Mannan-oligosaccharides and Live Yeast in Diets on the Carcass, Cut Yields, Meat Composition and Colour of Finishing Turkeys
    (Asian-Australasian Assoc Animal Production Soc, 2009) Konca, Yusuf; Kirkpinar, Figen; Mert, Selim
    This study was designed to evaluate the effects of dietary prebiotic (mannan oligosaccharide = MOS) and probiotic (Saccharomyces cerevisiae = SC) in finishing turkey diets on carcass, cut yield, meat composition and colour. A total of 72 ten-weeks-old Big6 male turkey poults were used in the trial. There were eight replicate floor pens per floor with three birds in each. The experiment lasted up to 20 wks of age. The trial was set up as a completely randomized design with 3 dietary treatments. The treatments were: i) negative control (C, no additive); ii) MOS 1 g per kg of diet and iii) SC 1 g per kg of diet (strain SC47, 300x10(10) CFU/kg). Body weight (BW) and feed intake were determined for each of the two week intervals. Twenty-four birds were slaughtered and eviscerated to determine carcass, carcass parts and internal organ weights at 20 wks of age. Meat colour and pH levels were measured 24 h after slaughter. The dietary treatments did not affect BW and average daily gain during the trial (p>0.05). The average daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio of turkey toms fed with MOS were higher than those of control and SC groups during the overall period (p<0.05). The dietary treatments did not affect carcass yield, breast meat, thigh, wing, liver, heart, empty gizzard, intestine, and abdominal fat pad proportions and meat pH, composition and pigmentation (p>0.05). These results suggest that the addition of MOS and SC is not likely to produce any performance or carcass characteristics in finishing turkeys at 10 to 20 wks of age.
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    The effects of moderately oxidised dietary oil with or without vitamin E supplementation on performance, nutrient digestibility, some blood traits, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defence of male broilers
    (Wiley-Blackwell, 2011) Acikgoz, Zumrut; Bayraktar, Hakan; Altan, Ozge; Akhisaroglu, Serpil Tanriverdi; Kirkpinar, Figen; Altun, Zekiye
    BACKGROUND: The experiment was conducted to determine the effects of dietary supplementation of oxidised oil with or without vitamin E on performance, nutrient digestibility, some blood traits, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defence system of male broilers. RESULTS: The supplementation of oxidised oil with or without vitamin E to the grower diets did not significantly affect performance, the pH and viscosity values of excreta and nutrient digestibilities in male broilers. Oxidised oil supplementation slightly increased plasma triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations but did not alter plasma glucose concentration. Although malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide concentrations tended to be higher in the oxidised oil group, these increases were not significant. Birds fed the diet containing oxidised oil had significantly lower superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. However, no differences were observed in glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity and uric acid concentrations of broilers fed oxidised oil as compared to the control group. Dietary vitamin E supplementation decreased MDA concentration whereas increasing SOD activity, suggesting that vitamin E supplementation reduced susceptibility to lipid peroxidation. CONCLUSION: The results showed that a milder oxidative stress occurred by supplementation of moderately oxidised oil to the diet of broilers and vitamin E supplementation had been helpful in alleviating lipid peroxidation. (C) 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
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    Effects of oregano and garlic essential oils on performance, carcase, organ and blood characteristics and intestinal microflora of broilers
    (Elsevier Science Bv, 2011) Kirkpinar, Figen; Unlu, H. Bora; Ozdemir, Guven
    The experiment was conducted to determine the individual and combined effects of oregano and garlic essential oils on performance, carcase, organ and blood characteristics and intestinal microflora of broilers. Four starter and grower diets were formulated to provide a similar nutrient profile with the exception of using two feed additives or a combined addition of these additives. The diets were supplemented with: no essential oil (control), oregano essential oil at 300 mg/kg, garlic essential oil at 300 mg/kg and oregano essential oil at 150 mg/kg + garlic essential oil at 150 mg/kg. All chicks were fed starter diets from 0 to 21 days of age and experimental grower diets from 21 to 42 days of age. Body weights of broilers at 42 days were not affected by garlic oil and both essential oil combinations; however, oregano essential oil supplementation significantly decreased body weights. There were no differences in feed intake and feed conversion efficiency. Carcase yields and relative weights of proventriculus, gizzard, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon, cecum liver, pancreas, spleen, heart and bursa, the concentrations of serum cholesterol, triglicerid and viscosity, Total organism, Streptococcus, Lactobacillus spp., and Coliform counts in the ileum were not affected by treatments. Clostridium counts were significantly decreased in birds from oregano oil, garlic oil and oregano oil + garlic oil compared with that of birds from control. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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    Heritability estimates of tibial dyschondroplasia, valgus-varus, foot-pad dermatitis and hock burn in broiler
    (Eugen Ulmer Gmbh Co, 2009) Akbas, Y.; Yalcin, Servet; Oezkan, Sezen; Kirkpinar, Figen; Takma, Cigdem; Gevrekci, Yakut; Gueler, H. C.; Tuerkmut, L.
    This study was carried out to estimate variance components and heritability for tibial dyschondroplasia, valgus-varus deformity, hock burns and foot-pad bums. A total of 1,404 1-d old Hubbard chickens were used. Individual weekly body weights, sex and the leg disorders were recorded. At slaughter, left leg was removed from each carcass and tibia was examined for the prevalence of tibial dyschondroplasia. All statistical analyses on leg problems were carried out using binomial form of the data. Sire and error variance components were estimated using REML based on a model including sire, sex and hatch. Estimated heritabilities of leg problems were 0.21, 0.72, 0.17 and 0.34 for tibial dyschondroplasia, valgus-varus deformity, hock burns and foot-pad bums, respectively. Estimated heritabilities for leg problems show that genetic selection appears to be a most effective way of preventing non-infectious skeletal disorders as indicated by the decreased incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia in commercial strains in recent years, most probably accomplished by genetic selection.
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    The influence of marginal zinc deficient diet on post-vaccination immune response against hepatitis B in rats
    (Wiley, 2006) Ozgenc, Funda; Aksu, Guzide; Kirkpinar, Figen; Altuglu, Imre; Coker, Isil; Kutukculer, Necil; Yagci, Rasit Vural
    Aim: To evaluate in vitro T lymphocyte proliferation and specific antibody response to hepatitis B vaccination in two groups of rats fed with normal and marginal zinc content. Methods: Twenty-two Wistar-Albino rats were randomly assigned into two groups and were fed with constant diet. Zinc was suplemented 10 mg/kg dry weight in group I (marginal zinc content) (n = 14) and 30 mg/kg dry weight in group II (n = 8). Hepatitis B vaccine (Engerix B, 4 mu g) was administered intramuscularly after 8 weeks on feeding and a booster dose was applied 4 weeks after the first injection. Rats were killed 3 weeks after the second injection. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated in vitro by PHA (2.5 mu g/ml) and hepatitis B surface antigen (2.5, 5, 10 mu g/ml). Proliferation was evaluated by ELISA (celltiter-96 aqueous one solution cell proliferation assay). Serum zinc, anti-HBs titer and zinc per dry liver weight were also measured. Two groups were compared with respect to antigen specific antibody and lymphocyte proliferation responses. Proliferation response to HbsAg were expressed as net percent increase (pci) in lymphocyte proliferation from the baseline activity. Results: Rats' mean body weight and weight gain per month were similar. Median serum zinc was 39 (23-75) and 76 (64-115) mu g/dl of groups I and 11 rats, respectively (p < 0.05), while there was no difference in liver zinc content between the two groups (37 mu g/g dry weight versus 32 mu g/g dry weight). Median anti-HBs levels of groups I and II were 741 (0-10,000) IU/l, 5791 (558-10,000) IU/l, respectively (P < 0.05). In lymphocyte proliferation assays, mean net pci with HbsAg of 5 and 10 mu g/ml were 9.4% and 11.3% in group I rats; while they were 25.3% and 26.1% in group 11 rats (p < 0.01 and p < 0.01, respectively). Conclusion: In vitro cell-mediated immune response and in vivo specific antibody response to hepatitis B vaccine was decreased in rats fed a diet with marginal zinc content. These observations have shown that marginal Zn deficiency might influence the efficacy of hepatitis B vaccination in humans. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.