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    Distribution and altitudinal structuring of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in southern Anatolia, Turkey: Their relation to human cutaneous leishmaniasis
    (2007) Simsek F.M.; Alten B.; Caglar S.S.; Ozbel Y.; Aytekin A.M.; Kaynas S.; Belen A.; Kasap O.E.; Yaman M.; Rastgeldi S.
    The two Old World genera, Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia, were both recorded in southern Anatolia in Turkey. Phlebotomus species predominated and comprised about 93% of the entire collection (3,172 specimens). Out of the sixteen species identified, two belonged to the genus Sergentomyia: S. dentata and S. theodori. The remaining fourteen species in the genus Phlebotomus were grouped under four subgenera including some species that are elsewhere known to act as vectors of human cutaneous leishmaniasis. Most of the Phlebotomus were P. tobbi (32.5%), but P. papatasi, P. transcaucasicus, P. halepensis, P. galilaeus, P. sergenti, P. syriacus, P. neglectus, P. simici, P. alexandri, P. similis, P. jacusieli, P. perfiliewi, and P. brevis were also identified. There were two associations of sand fly fauna with altitudinal gradient; the first one at relatively higher altitudes and the second one at lower altitudes. The transition between these two assemblages was within the range of 800-1,000 m. It is likely that Adana and Hatay provinces are transitional areas between western and eastern Anatolia. Mountains do not appear to be important geographical barriers for sand fly distribution. We also found that the proven vector P. sergenti is a widely distributed species throughout southern Anatolia and this species, together with its closely related species P. similis, shows sympatry in Konya Province.
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    Evaluation of the efficacy of Olyset® Plus in a village-based cohort study in the Cukurova Plain, Turkey, in an area of hyperendemic cutaneous leishmaniasis
    (Society for Vector Ecology, 2014) Gunay F.; Karakus M.; Oguz G.; Dogan M.; Karakaya Y.; Ergan G.; Kaynas S.; Kasap O.E.; Ozbe Y.; Alten B.
    ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to measure the protective efficacy of Olyset® Plus, a new long-lasting factory-treated insecticidal net (LLIN) incorporated with 2% permethrin and 1% of the synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO), against cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) transmission under field conditions. A village-scale trial, promoting the use of LLIN by the local inhabitants of the study area was conducted as a pilot study in a new hyperendemic focus of CL caused by a Leishmania infantum/L. donovani hybrid parasite transmitted by proven vector species Phlebotomus tobbi in Cukurova Plain, Adana, Turkey, between May, 2013 and May, 2014. The study area comprised eight villages; two of them were selected as an intervention village with Olyset® Plus net (Kizillar) and a control village without net application (Malihidirli). Six villages with surrounding allopatric barriers were utilized as a buffer zone cluster between intervention and control villages. Monthly entomological surveys were performed in the intervention and control villages and Damyeri, representing the other six villages, to collect adults of Phlebotomus tobbi. Results showed a significant reduction in cutaneous leishmaniasis incidence in the intervention village from 4.78% to 0.37%. The protective efficacy rate of LLIN was 92.2%. In contrast, incidence rates increased in the control village from 3.67% to 4.69%. We also evaluated residual insecticide levels of used nets after six and 12 months of usage. It was determined that the nets had retained full insecticidal strength. These results highlight the value of real-world data on bed net effectiveness and longevity to guide decisions regarding sand fly control strategies. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first field study to evaluate Olyset® Plus efficacy in a hyperendemic cutaneous leishmaniasis area. © 2014.
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    Evaluation of the VecTest™ Malaria Antigen Panel Assay using Anopheles sacharovi specimens in an endemic area, Sanliurfa province, Turkey [VecTest™ si{dotless}tma Antijen Panel yönteminin si{dotless}tmani{dotless}n endemik oldugu Şanli{dotless}urfa'dan toplanan Anopheles sacharovi örnekleri kullani{dotless}larak degerlendirilmesi]
    (2010) Simsek F.M.; Kaynas S.; Ozensoy Toz S.; Ozbel Y.; Alten B.; Chan A.S.T.
    In recent years, malaria is located in southeastern Anatolia of Turkey. Because of no information is available about sporozoite rates in the mosquitoes in Turkey, Anopheles (An.) sacharovi were collected in Sanliurfa province and examined by the VecTest™ Malaria Antigen Panel Assay, a rapid immunochromatographic assay intended for the qualitative determination of three Plasmodium circumsporozoite antigens (P. falciparum, P. vivax 210, P. vivax 247) in infected Anopheline mosquitoes. Anopheles sacharovi specimens were collected using CDC light traps in 5 villages belonging to Sanliurfa province in July 2004. The pools containing 10 mosquitoes were prepared and totally 390 Anopheles sacharovi females were used for the Vectest™. Test was performed in the field conditions just after collection. The positivity was observed only in one pool and P.vivax 247 antigen line. Infection rate was detected as 0.25% in mosquitoes. The detection of P.vivax 247 antigen in An. sacharovi is an important natural evidence of vector capacity of this species for P. vivax variant 247 in Turkey. Results were suggestive of most likely involvement of An. sacharovi in malaria transmission in Sanliurfa province.
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    Phenotypic variation among local populations of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in southern Turkey
    (2007) Aytekin A.M.; Alten B.; Caglar S.S.; Ozbel Y.; Kaynas S.; Simsek F.M.; Kasap O.E.; Belen A.
    The wing-shape morphology of local populations of the medically important phlebotomine sand flies, Phlebotomus sergenti, P. papatasi, P. tobbi, and P. similis, were examined in both sexes by using geometric morphometrics. There are three major mountain ranges that may serve as geographical barriers for species distribution in the study area and four main gaps were recognized among these barriers. We found no statistically important differences in wing morphology in all examined species in both sexes for all local populations. These results show that the barriers are not sufficient to stop gene flow among local populations of sand flies. The graphical depiction of PCA, CVA, and F-test confirmed our morphometric study suggesting that the difference in wing morphology between P. similis and P. sergenti indicates that these are clearly different species. These two show sympatric distribution in the Konya Plain of Anatolia.