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    Evaluation of inferior turbinate stroma with ultrasound elastography in allergic rhinitis patients
    (Galenos Yayinevi Tic. Ltd. Sti., 2017) Turhal G.; Göde S.; Tunakan Dalgıç C.; Sin A.Z.; Kısmalı E.; Kaya İ.; Öztürk A.; Göksel Ö.; Midilli R.; Öztürk K.; Karcı B.
    Background: Diagnosis of allergic rhinitis is primarily based on history, physical examination and allergy testing. A technique that noninvasively evaluates the soft tissue changes in the nasal mucosa of allergic rhinitis patients has not been defined. Aims: To assess nasal mucosal changes and measure the submucosal fibrosis in allergic rhinitis patients with sonoelastography. Study Design: Case control study. Methods: Eighty-eight turbinates of 44 patients were included in the study. There were 23 prick test positive allergic rhinitis patients. The control group constituted 21 patients. The rhinitis quality of life questionnaire and the visual analogue scale were applied to the allergic rhinitis patients. A higher visual analogue scale score indicated more severe allergic rhinitis symptoms. Sonoelastographic measurements were made from the lateral nasal wall. The propagation speed of sound waves was recorded in m/s. The presence of asthma and the type of allergic rhinitis (seasonal or perennial) was noted. Results: Ten patients had seasonal allergic rhinitis and thirteen patients had perennial allergic rhinitis. Six patients (26.1%) had accompanying asthma along with allergic rhinitis. The median visual analogue scale score was 7 (3-9) in allergic rhinitis patients. The median symptom duration was 7 (1-24) months. The median quality of life questionnaire score was 3.39 (1.68-5.43) points. The median sonoelastography scores of allergic rhinitis patients and healthy subjects were 2.38 m/s (0.9-4.47) and 2.42 m/s (1.62-3.50), respectively. Sonoelastographic measurements of seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis patients did not differ significantly (p>0.05). The presence of asthma did not have a significant impact on the elastography measurements (p>0.05). However, regression analysis revealed a significant inverse correlation (coefficients: B=0.005, standard error=0.097, beta 0=0.008) between the visual analogue scale and sonoelastography scores (p<0.05). Conclusion: Sonoelastography was not suitable as a diagnostic tool in allergic rhinitis. Reduced sonoelastography scores were measured in more symptomatic patients. Higher visual analogue scale scores could be an indicator of disease severity. © 2017 by Trakya University Faculty of Medicine.
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    The synthesis, characterization and effect of molar mass distribution on solid-state degradation kinetics of oligo(orcinol)
    (Springer Netherlands, 2019) Doğan F.; Özdek N.; Selçuki N.A.; Kaya İ.
    In this study, the oxidative polymerization of orcinol monohydrate using different oxidants such as NaOCl, H 2 O 2 , and air was investigated. Polymerization studies were carried out between 50 and 90 °C. The optimum reaction conditions of the polymerization were also established. NaOCl was found to be the most active oxidant. The characterization of oligo(orcinol) was conducted by using FT-IR, 1 H-NMR and 13 C-NMR, TGA, size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and solubility techniques. At the optimum reaction conditions, the conversion to oligomer of orcinol was found to be 62% (for NaOCl oxidant), 42% (for H 2 O 2 oxidant), and 21% (for air oxidant). According to the SEC analysis, the number-average molecular mass (M n ), mass-average molecular mass (M w ) and polydispersity index (PDI) values of oligo(orcinol) were determined to be 2260, 2540 g mol -1 , and 1.12, using NaOCl, and 2170, 2470 g mol -1 , and 1.14, using H 2 O 2 and 1500, 1770 g mol -1 , and 1.18, using air, respectively. In addition, the relationship between molar mass distributions and activation energies of thermal degradation processes of oligo(orcinol) was investigated by using TG analysis. For this purpose, the methods based on multiple heating rates such as Flynn–Wall–Ozawa [FWO], Tang, and Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose [KAS] were used. The activation energy related to the solid-state decomposition of oligo(orcinol) synthesized with NaOCl oxidant was calculated to be 79.02 kJ mol -1 by KAS method, 78.74 kJ mol -1 by Tang method and 81.78 kJ mol -1 by FWO method in the range of 0.05 < ? < 0.95. The results obtained show that activation energy increased with an increase in molar mass. © 2019, Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary.