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Öğe Application of electrodeionization (EDI) for removal of boron and silica from reverse osmosis (RO) permeate of geothermal water(2013) Arar T.; Yüksel T.; Kabay N.; Yüksel M.In this study, a hybrid process coupling reverse osmosis (RO) with electrodeionization (EDI) was investigated to remove boron and silica from geothermal water. The effect of applied voltage, feed flow rate, Na2SO4 concentration in the electrode compartments, membrane type and ion exchange resin bed configuration on the removal of boron and silica has been investigated. Geothermal water was obtained from the discharge lines in the geothermal plant of Izmir Geothermal Co. The RO system contained two parallel mounted brackish reverse osmosis membranes (BW-30-2540, Dow FilmTech). The RO permeate was collected using a single membrane configuration of operation by applying a 12bar of pressure. The concentration of boron remaining in the permeate was 5.9mg/L. It was obtained that the concentration of boron decreased from 5.9mg/L to 0.4mg/L and silica from 0.3mg Si/L to 0.1mg Si/L with a layered bed configuration of EDI system when a 40V of voltage was applied to the EDI system. The feed flow rate did not have any significant effect on the removal of boron and silica from the RO permeate of geothermal water by EDI. On the other hand, the transport of boron to the anode compartment of EDI system enhanced with increasing the feed flow rate. In a mixed bed EDI system, when the applied potential was 40V, boron and silica concentrations in the product water were 1.60mg B/L and 0.2mg Si/L, respectively. The type of the membrane was found to be another important parameter on the removal of boron and silica from the RO permeate. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.Öğe Application of Electrodialysis Reversal Method for Concentrate Management of Reverse Osmosis Process Following MBR Treatment of Wastewater(Amirkabir University of Technology - Membrane Processes Research Laboratory, 2024) Özkök S.C.; Altıok E.; Bunani S.; Ipekçi D.; Kabay N.; Arda M.; Yüksel M.In recent years, potable water scarcity has been observed worldwide because of the growing population and industrialization. One of the solutions that might be employed to address this situation is the treatment of contaminated water. This study aimed to evaluate the application of nanofiltration (NF) followed by electrodialysis reversal (EDR) on the concentrate stream of reverse osmosis (RO) operation for the advanced treatment of the membrane bioreactor (MBR) effluent in industrial wastewater. To investigate the impact of applied voltage (3, 5, 10, and 15 V) and the rate of flow (30, 40, and 50 L/h) on the EDR operation, an NF process (10 bar and at constant concentrate stream flow rate as 96 L/h) was employed as a pre-treatment before the EDR process for RO concentrate (TDS: 5520 mg/L) management. The flow rate showed almost no effect during the EDR process. Increasing the applied voltage led to a rapid rise in conductivity rejection, but it also caused a corresponding increase in specific power consumption (SPC). After considering the rejection performance, process time, and SPC, it became obvious that a 5 V of electrical potential is more appropriate than 3 V, 10 V, and 15 V. Application of EDR to NF permeate of the RO concentrate resulted in a conductivity rejection of 98.0% within 42 min when subjected to an electrical voltage of 5 V. The SPC was calculated to be 0.06 kWh/m3. To increase the amount of water recovered from the MBR effluent of wastewater and reduce the volume of brine discharged into surface water bodies, it has been demonstrated that NF integration with EDR was a feasible procedure for RO concentrate management. © 2024 FIMTEC & MPRL.Öğe Application of Reverse Osmosis (RO) and Nanofiltration (NF) Processes for Desalination and Reuse of Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) Effluent as Irrigation and Process Water(World Scientific, 2021) Kabay N.; Haclfazllo?lu M.C.; Parlar A.; Tomasini H.R.; Falizi N.J.; Pek T.Ö.; Bertin L.[No abstract available]Öğe Arsenic and boron in geothermal water and their removal(CRC Press, 2010) Yoshizuka K.; Kabay N.; Bryjak M.Selecting an As treatment technology for remediation of geothermal waters depends on several key factors. Among these, speciation of As, initial As concentration, regulatory requirements and target treatment levels must be considered. Due to variations in As speciation and large differences in the chemistry and physical properties of geothermal waters, no single technology will adequately meet the needs of every project. Furthermore, successful remediation often requires a combination of two or more treatment technologies. There are several inorganic arsenite species [inorganic As(III); e.g., H3AsO3, H2AsO3 Table 8.1 lists the As content of several geothermal waters in the world. Though large variation of As content is indicated in geothermal sites, extremely high As content is detected in some hot spring areas. This is linked to the mineralogical, chemical and physical characteristics of the soils, sediments and rocks in contact with these waters. In addition, the As is significantly leached from aquifers under the extremely high temperature and pressure conditions. Depending on oxidation-reduction (redox) conditions and biological activity, groundwater and geothermal water may contain As(V) and the more toxic As(III) forms (US EPA 2002). Considering that As contamination can originate from geological materials, the remediation of these materials is usually necessary to reduce As concentrations in associated geothermal waters. In some cases, however, geothermal water contamination is so severe that affordable and effective remediation is not possible. The physical and chemical characteristics of geothermal waters will affect the selection of reliable treatment technologies to work effectively under the high temperature condition. Alaerts and Khouri (2004) identified several factors that affect the costs and feasibility of treating As in geothermal water. The lowering of As drinking water standards (maximum contaminant level, MCL) from 50 to 10 µg L-1 in many countries has resulted in increasing demands for additional removal technologies when geothermal waters are used for drinking and cooking. © 2010 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.Öğe Arsenic sorption using mixtures of ion exchange resins containing N-methyl-D-glucamine and quaternary ammonium groups(Sociedad Chilena de Quimica, 2016) Ozkula G.; Urbano B.F.; Rivas B.L.; Kabay N.; Bryjak M.The method of synthesis and the arsenic removal properties of ion-exchange resins based on N-methyl-D-glucamine and trimethylammonium groups are presented. The N-methyl-D-glucamine based monomer was synthesized by the reaction of 4-vinyl benzyl chloride with N-methyl-D-glucamine, along with the use of N,N-methylene-bis-acrylamide as a crosslinker reagent for polymerization. In addition, poly(4-vinylbenzyl)trimethylammonium was synthesized. Arsenate sorption studies were conducted and the pH effect, kinetics, sorption capacity, and elution performance were studied. The experimental data were fitted to kinetic models, such as the pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order models. The pseudo-second order model exhibited the best correlation with the experimental data. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were fitted to the experimental data, and the Freundlich isotherm exhibited the best fit. © 2016, Sociedad Chilena de Quimica. All rights reserved.Öğe Boron removal by liquid-phase polymer-based retention technique using poly(glycidyl methacrylate N-methyl D -glucamine)(2013) Sánchez J.; Rivas B.L.; Nazar E.; Bryjak M.; Kabay N.The removal of boron was analyzed by liquid-phase polymer based retention (LPR) technique using washing and enrichment method. The extracting reagents were water-soluble polymers (WSPs) containing quaternary ammonium salts and N-methyl-D-glucamine (NMG) groups. The removal experiments of boron using the washing method were conducted at 1 bar of pressure by varying pH, polymer:boron molar ratio, and concentrations of interfering ions (chloride and sulfate). The results showed higher retention capacity for boron (60%) at pH 10 with the polymer containing NMG group. The optimal polymer:boron molar ratio was 40: 1. Selectivity experiments showed that the presence of interfering ions did not affect the boron removal capacity. The maximal boron retention capacity was determined by the enrichment method, obtaining a value of 12 mg B/g-polymer. Copyright © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Öğe Boron Removal from Geothermal Water by a Novel Monodisperse Porous Poly(GMA-co-EDM) Resin Containing N-Methyl-D-Glucamine Functional Group(2012) Samatya S.; Tuncel A.; Kabay N.Boron removal from geothermal water and its reverse osmosis (RO) permeate was examined by a novel synthesized monodisperse porous poly(GMA-co-EDM) resin containing N-methyl-D-glucamine. The optimum resin concentration was found to be 4 g L -1 and the kinetic data were found to follow a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. According to the correlation coefficients for diffusional kinetic, the rate controlling step was particle diffusion. © 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.Öğe Boron Removal From Geothermal Water Using Membrane Processes(Elsevier Inc., 2015) Kabay N.The World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended the drinking water limits for boron to be as low as 0.5. mg. B/L for a long period. But, in 2011, the Drinking Water Quality Committee of WHO revised the Boron Guideline Value as 2.4. mg. B/L. On the other hand, European Union (EU) still stipulates the maximum admissible value for the concentration of boron at 1. mg/L in drinking water. Boron is vital trace element for plant growth as it is required for some metabolic activities, and is supplied in fertilizer and in irrigation water. On the other hand, it was reported that the tolerance limit of boron depends on the type of the plant. Although some plants such as lettuce, cabbage, and celery are quite resistant to boron concentrations higher than 2. mg/L, some others such as blackberry, citrus, peach, cherry, plum, and grape can only withstand boron concentration less than 1.0. mg/L. The adverse effect of high boron levels can be observed as the reduction of root cell division, retarded root growth, inhibition of photosynthesis, deposition of lignin and suberin, decrease in leaf chlorophyll, etc. In most crops, the symptoms of boron toxicity are shown as burned edges on the older leaves, yellowing of the leaf tips, accelerated decay, and ultimately plant expiration. These symptoms are, of course, highly dependent on the type of plant. This chapter will especially deal with the application of membrane separation methods such as reverse osmosis, sorption-membrane filtration hybrid and electromembrane (electrodialysis, electrodeionization) methods for boron removal from geothermal water. © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Boron removal from seawater using high rejection SWRO membranes - impact of pH, feed concentration, pressure, and cross-flow velocity(2008) Koseoglu H.; Kabay N.; Yüksel M.; Sarp S.; Arar Ö.; Kitis M.The main objective of this work was to investigate boron removal from seawater using two commercial high rejection SWRO membranes. The impact of solution pH, feed concentration, pressure, and cross-flow velocity on boron rejection and permeate flux was determined. The membranes used were the Toray™ UTC-80-AB and Filmtec™ SW30HR. A lab-scale cross-flow flat-sheet configuration test unit was used for all RO experiments. Seawater sample was collected from the Mediterranean Sea, Alanya-Ki{dotless}zi{dotless}lot shores, south Turkey. For all experiments, mass balances were between 91% and 107%, suggesting relatively low loss of boron on membrane surfaces during 14 h of operation. Operation modes did not have any impact on boron rejection, indicating that boron rejection were independent of feedwater boron concentrations up to 6.6 mg/L. For both membranes, much higher boron rejection were obtained at pH of 10.5 (>98%) than those at original seawater pH of 8.2 (about 85-90%). Permeate boron concentrations less than 0.1 mg/L were easily achieved at pH 10.5 by both membranes. The dissociated boron species are dominant at this pH, thus both electrostatic repulsion and size exclusion mechanisms are responsible for the higher boron rejection. The rejection of salts in seawater did not correlate with boron rejection at constant conditions. For each membrane type, permeate fluxes at constant pressure were generally lower at pH of 10.5, which may be partially explained by membrane fouling and enhanced scale formation by Mg and Ca compounds from concentration polarization effect at higher pH values. While somewhat higher boron rejection was found for one membrane type as the pressure was increased from 600 to 800 psi, increasing pressure did not affect boron rejection for the other membrane. Feed flowrate thus the cross-flow velocity (0.5-1.0 m/s) did not exert any significant impact on boron rejection at constant conditions. © 2008.Öğe Boron Removal From Seawater Using Reverse Osmosis Integrated Processes(Elsevier Inc., 2015) Kabay N.; Bryjak M.The reverse osmosis (RO) membrane desalination process is a relevant and reliable technology for the desalination of seawater. However, some serious limitations have recently been discovered during field practice, among them the boron problem seems to be critically important. It has been reported that the target level of boron in permeate, which was set at 0.5. mg/L, was rarely reached for conventional RO desalination plants equipped with commercially available membranes. Although boron is an essential trace element for plant growth, it can be detrimental at higher concentrations. Therefore, boron limits in the permeate of seawater RO process were kept between 0.3 and 1. mg/L till 2011. In 2011, the World Health Organization modified the Boron Guideline Value and raised it to 2.4. mg/L. However, some utilities may still set seawater desalination plant product water limits lower than 1. mg/L, bearing the agricultural-related issues in mind. This chapter will mostly deal with the RO integrated membrane processes used particularly for boron removal from seawater. © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Boron Removal From Water by Sorption-Membrane Filtration Hybrid Process(Elsevier Inc., 2015) Bryjak M.; Kabay N.This chapter presents principles of membrane-enhanced hybrid processes when coupling agents form complexes with boron and as the larger substances are removed by membrane filtration. Such coupling agents are low-molecular polyol molecules, water-soluble polymers bearing vicinal hydroxyl groups, micelles reinforced with chitosan, and fine adsorbents. The benefits and drawbacks for each of the method are shown. © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Boron Separation Processes(Elsevier Inc., 2015) Kabay N.; Bryjak M.; Hilal N.The impending crisis posed by water stress and poor sanitation represents one of greatest human challenges for the 21st century, and membrane technology has emerged as a serious contender to confront the crisis. Yet, whilst there are countless texts on wastewater treatment and on membrane technologies, none address the boron problem and separation processes for boron elimination. Boron Separation Processes fills this gap and provides a unique and single source that highlights the growing and competitive importance of these processes. For the first time, the reader is able to see in one reference work the state-of-the-art research in this rapidly growing field. The book focuses on four main areas: Effect of boron on humans and plants; Separation of boron by ion exchange and adsorption processes; Separation of boron by membrane processes; Simulation and optimization studies for boron separation; Provides in one source a state-of-the-art overview of this compelling area; Reviews the environmental impact of boron before introducing emerging boron separation processes; Includes simulation and optimization studies for boron separation processes; Describes boron separation processes applicable to specific sources, such as seawater, geothermal water and wastewater. © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Chelating Polymers for Recovery of Uranium from Seawater(1994) Kabay N.; Egawa H.Despite the low concentration of uranium in seawater (3.3 ppb), a special emphasis has been placed on its recovery. Although the concentration is low, it has been estimated that the world's oceans contain about 4 x 109 tons of uranium—theo retically an unlimited supply of nuclear fuel. Adsorption has been considered to be a technically feasible procedure for a uranium recovery process with regard to economic and environmental impacts. The present paper restricts its coverage to those applications using chelating polymeric resins containing amidoxime groups as the most promising adsorbent. © 1994, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. All rights reserved.Öğe Comparative boron removal performance of monodisperse-porous particles with molecular brushes via " click chemistry" and direct coupling(Elsevier B.V., 2010) Samatya S.; Orhan E.; Kabay N.; Tuncel A.A new sorbent based on micron-size, monodisperse-porous particles is proposed for boron removal by a hybrid process involving " adsorption" and " membrane separation" In the synthesis of sorbent, a multi-stage polymerization protocol involving the production of monodisperse polymer particles and the generation of dextran based molecular brushes on the particles via " click chemistry" was followed. The monodisperse porous poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate), poly(GMA-co-EDM), particles 6µm in size were obtained by " modified seeded polymerization" Dextran was attached onto the particles via " click chemistry" In this derivatization, the azide groups were obtained on the particles by the reaction between NaN3 and the epoxypropyl functionality. An alkyne carrying ligand, propiolic acid was covalently linked to the dextran via activation with a water soluble carbodiimide. The molecular brushes on the particle surface were then obtained by clicking alkyne modified-dextran onto the azide functionalized particles. A second sorbent was synthesized by the direct covalent attachment of dextran onto the poly(GMA-co-EDM), particles. Boron sorption capacities of both sorbents were investigated using model boron solutions and compared with the commercial resins. Monodisperse-porous particles with dextran based molecular brushes can be used for boron-removal from water. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.Öğe Cr(III)removal from aqueous solution byion exchange resins containing carboxylic acid and sulphonic acid groups(Sociedad Chilena de Quimica, 2018) Rivas B.L.; Morales D.V.; Kabay N.; Bryjak M.Ion exchange resins based on the water-insoluble polymers poly(acrylamide-co-styrene sodium sulfonate) (P(AAm-co-ESS)), poly(2-acrylamide-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid-co-acrylicacid) (P(APSA-co-AAc)),poly(2-acrylamidoglycolic acid-co-2-acrylamide-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid) (P(AAGA-co-APSA)), and poly(2-acrylamidoglycolic acid-co-4-styrene sodium sulfonate) (P(AAGA-co-ESS)) were synthesized by radical polymerization. These polymers were employed to remove Cr(III) from an aqueous solution. The optimum sorption parameters of amount of resin and sorption time were obtained through batch-mode sorption tests. Following batch elution tests to identify the best eluting agent. Finally,the column-mode sorption/elution behaviors of ion exchange resins were studied. The ion exchange resins exhibited excellent removal of Cr(III). The P(AAGA-co-APSA) resin exhibited 89.4% removal, while P(AAGA-co-ESS) displayed 88.3%, P(AAm-co-ESS) 86.8%, and P(APSA-co-AAc) 89.3%. The column-mode was studied by theP(AAGA-co-APSA) resingave a breakthrough capacity of 1.5 mg Cr(III)/mL resin in the first cycle. The elution efficiency was almost 100%. The breakthrough capacity was 1.2 mg Cr(III)/mL resin in the second cycle. The elution efficiency was 90.2% in the second cycle. © 2018 Sociedad Chilena de Quimica. All Rights Reserved.Öğe Current status of ion exchange membranes for electrodialysis/reverse electrodialysis and membrane capacitive deionization/capacitive mixing(Elsevier, 2022) Kabay N.; Güler E.; Smolinska-Kempisty K.; Bryjak M.The world is facing several critical problems, which were integrated by the United Nation into the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Adopted by all the U.N. member states, the SDGs provide goals for attaining a common welfare by 2030. Among these goals, access to clean water and green energy are the most important challenges. The use of ion exchange membranes for the production of safe water and harvesting renewable energy seem to meet these challenges. This chapter will present the history and perspectives of the use of ion exchange membranes for these struggles. © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Öğe Öğe Editors’ preface(CRC Press, 2010) Kabay N.; Bundschuh J.; Hendry B.; Bryjak M.; Yoshizuka K.; Bhattacharya P.; Anaç S.[No abstract available]Öğe Effect of Co-Existing Ions on Salinity Gradient Power Generation by Reverse Electrodialysis Using Different Ion Exchange Membrane Pairs(MDPI, 2022) Kaya T.Z.; Altıok E.; Güler E.; Kabay N.This study investigates the influence of co-existing ions on the salinity gradient power generation performance of the reverse electrodialysis (RED) using three different commercial ion exchange membrane pairs. The feed solutions, including the mixture of two different salts, were prepared with 90 wt.% of NaCl and 10 wt.% of LiCl, KCl, CaCl2, MgCl2 or Na2SO4 by keeping the salt ratio between high concentrate solution and low concentrate solution constant as 1:30 (g/g) at various flow velocities (50, 125 and 200 mL/min). It was observed that the divalent ions exhibited a negative impact on the performance of the RED system due to their high valence and low ionic mobility depending on their high hydrated radius and low diffusion coefficients compared to those of the monovalent ions. On the other hand, the effect of the monovalent ions differed according to the properties of ion exchange membranes used in the RED stack. When the power generation performances of ion exchange membrane pairs employed in the RED stack were compared, it was considered that Neosepta AMX and CMX membranes provided the highest power density due to their low membrane thicknesses, low electrical resistances, and relatively high ion exchange capacities compared to other two commercial ion exchange membrane pairs. © 2022 by the authors.Öğe Effect of concentrate recirculation on the product water quality of integrated MBR – NF process for wastewater reclamation and industrial reuse(Elsevier Ltd, 2019) Gündoğdu M.; Kabay N.; Yiğit N.Ö.; Kitiş M.; Pek T.Ö.; Yüksel M.In this study, field tests were performed at the wastewater treatment plant of ITOB-Organized Industrial Zone located in Menderes, Izmir where membrane bioreactor (MBR) process has been employed for wastewater treatment. For advanced treatment of MBR effluent, a mini pilot scale membrane test unit having nanofiltration (NF) membranes was employed. For this study, only NF90 membrane was used for tertiary treatment of different feed mixtures. The feed mixtures were obtained by mixing MBR effluent and concentrate stream of NF90 membrane at different proportions. During field tests, while some amount of concentrate stream of NF90 membrane was sent to the feed tank with MBR effluent to obtain feed mixtures, the remaining part of concentrate stream was discharged to the MBR pool. Water qualities of permeate and feed were investigated by measuring various physicochemical parameters such as total dissolved solid (TDS), salinity, conductivity, pH, turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solid (TSS), color, Na + , Ca 2+ , K + , Mg 2+ , HCO 3 - , SO 4 2- , Cl - ,PO 4 -P, NH 4 -N, NO 3 -N, NO 2 -N, total nitrogen (TN), CaCO 3 hardness, total organic carbon (TOC) and SiO 2 concentrations. By increasing the ratio of NF90 concentrate to MBR effluent ratio in the feed mixture, permeate flux and average rejections of some parameters slightly decreased although some of the rejections slightly increased. Quality of product water obtained from various combinations of feed water was investigated and compared with the standards of cooling and boiling feed water for industrial usage. Also, reuse of product water as process water in paper and textile industries was discussed. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
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