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    Genetic diversity and major spoligotype families of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates from different regions of Turkey
    (Elsevier Science Bv, 2007) Durmaz, Riza; Zozio, Thierry; Gunal, Selami; Yaman, Akgun; Cavusoglu, Cengiz; Guney, Cengiz; Sola, Christophe; Rastogi, Nalin
    To highlight the transmission rate and major phyloPnetic clades of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates, a total of 200 drug-resistant strains isolated in four different regions of Turkey (Marmara n = 8 1; Mediterranean n = 39; Aegean n = 42; East Anatolia n = 38), were typed by spoligotyping and IS6110-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). The major spoligotyping-defined shared-types (STs) and corresponding lineages were, ST 41 (22.5%, LAM7-TUR), ST53 (19.5%, ill-defined T super-family), ST 50 (6.5%, Haarlem 3), ST 1261 (4.5%, LAM7-TUR), ST 47 (3.5%, Haarlem 1), as well as two STs that belonged to undefined clades (ST 284, 3%, and ST 2067, 2.5%). The global distribution of major M. tuberculosis lineages among drug-resistant strains was as follows: T super-family (29%), Latin-American & Mediterranean (33.5%), Haarlem (14%), and the S lineage (3%). A high number of strains (n = 29, 14.5%) showed patterns that did not fall within major clades described so far. A combination of spoligotyping and IS61 10-RFLP fingerprinting methods resulted in a final clustering rate of 38.5% and a recent transmission rate of 25.5%. Our results underline the highly diverse nature of drug-resistant tuberculosis in our study population. as well as its ongoing transmission with lineages that are specific to these regions, the most predominant being the LAM7-TUR lineage which shows an enhanced phylogeographical specificity for Turkey. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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    Genetic diversity and major spoligotype families of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates from different regions of Turkey (vol 7, pg 513, 2007)
    (Elsevier Science Bv, 2008) Durmaz, Riza; Zozio, Thierry; Gunal, Selami; Yaman, Akgun; Cavusoglu, Cengiz; Guney, Cengiz; Sola, Christophe; Rastogi, Nalin
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    Synthesis and antimicrobial properties of cycloheptyl substituted benzimidazolium salts and their silver(I) carbene complexes
    (Walter De Gruyter Gmbh, 2016) Karatas, Mert Olgun; Gunal, Selami; Mansur, Ahmet; Alici, Bulent; Cetinkaya, Engin
    Due to increasing infections caused by microbes, there is an urgent need for the development of new effective antimicrobial agents. Silver-N-heterocyclic carbene (silver-NHC) complexes are a new class of antimicrobial agents. In this study, we aimed to synthesize highly lipophilic silver-NHC complexes. Four new complexes were synthesized by the reaction of the corresponding benzimidazolium salts and Ag2O in dichloromethane at room temperature. The synthesized compounds were characterized by H-1 NMR, C-13 NMR, IR and elemental analysis. The antimicrobial performances of benzimidazolium salts and silver complexes were tested against the standard bacterial strains Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the fungi Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of all compounds were determined. The obtained data demonstrate that all benzimidazolium salts and silver complexes inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi. Silver complexes are more active than the corresponding benzimidazolium salts (MIC: 6.25 mu g/mL for Gram-positive bacteria and fungi).
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    Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activities of novel silver(I) complexes with coumarin substituted N-heterocyclic carbene ligands
    (Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2016) Karatas, Mert Olgun; Olgundeniz, Begum; Gunal, Selami; Ozdemir, Ilknur; Alici, Bulent; Cetinkaya, Engin
    Eight new coumarin substituted silver(I) N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes were synthesized by the interaction of the corresponding imidazolium or benzimidazolium chlorides and Ag2O in dichloromethane at room temperature. Structures of these complexes were established on the basis of elemental analysis, H-1 NMR, C-13 NMR, IR and mass spectroscopic techniques. The antimicrobial activities of carbene precursors and silver NHC complexes were tested against standard strains: Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the fungi Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. Results showed that all the compounds inhibited the growth of the all bacteria and fungi strains and some complexes performed good activities against different microorganisms. Among all the compounds, the most lipophilic complex bis[1-(4-methylene-6,8-dimethyl-2H-chromen-2-one)-3-(naphthalene-2-ylmethyl)benzimidazol-2-ylidene]silver(I) dichloro argentate (5e) was found out as the most active one. (c) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.