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Öğe Age-dependent variations in the venom proteins of Vipera kaznakovi Nikolsky, 1909 and Vipera ammodytes (Linnaeus, 1758) (Ophidia: Viperidae)(Tubitak Scientific & Technical Research Council Turkey, 2014) Arikan, Huseyin; Gocmen, Bayram; Igci, Nasit; Akman, BahadirPolyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis and densitometry analysis were used to analyze venom extracts of Vipera kaznakovi (16.5, 30, and 55 cm) and Vipera ammodytes (28.5, 36.7, and 51.5 cm) specimens of 3 different lengths. V. kaznakovi specimens were collected from Hopa (Artvin Province); 2 V. ammodytes specimens were from Agva (Istanbul Province) and the longest one was from Yuvacik (Kocaeli Province). The electropherograms of the venom protein samples showed age-dependent qualitative and quantitative variations.Öğe Ancient diversification, biogeography, and the role of climatic niche evolution in the Old World cat snakes (Colubridae, Telescopus)(Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science, 2019) Smid, Jiri; Gocmen, Bayram; Crochet, Pierre-Andre; Trape, Jean-Francois; Mazuch, Tomas; Uvizl, Marek; Nagy, Zoltan T.The process of species diversification is often associated with niche shifts in the newly arising lineages so that interspecific competition is minimized. However, an opposing force known as niche conservatism causes that related species tend to resemble each other in their niche requirements. Due to the inherent multidimensionality of niche space, some niche components may be subject to divergent evolution while others remain conserved in the process of speciation. One such possible component is the species' climatic niche. Here, we test the role of climatic niche evolution on the diversification of the Old World cat snakes of the genus Telescopus. These slender, nocturnal snakes are distributed in arid and semiarid areas throughout Africa, southwest Asia and adjoining parts of Europe. Because phylogenetic relationships among the Telescopus species are virtually unknown, we generated sequence data for eight genetic markers from ten of the 14 described species and reconstructed a timecalibrated phylogeny of the genus. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that the genus is of considerably old origin that dates back to the Eocene/Oligocene boundary. Biogeographical analyses place the ancestor of the genus in Africa, where it diversified into the species observed today and from where it colonized Arabia and the Levant twice independently. The colonization of Arabia occurred in the Miocene, that of the Levant either in the Late Oligocene or Early Miocene. We then identified temperature and precipitation niche space and breadth of the species included in the phylogeny and examined whether there is phylogenetic signal in these climatic niche characteristics. Despite the vast range of the genus and its complex biogeographic history, most Telescopus species have similar environmental requirements with preference for arid to semiarid conditions. One may thus expect that the genus' climatic niche will be conserved. However, our results suggest that most of the climatic niche axes examined show no phylogenetic signal, being indicative of no evolutionary constraints on the climatic niche position and niche breadth in Telescopus. The only two variables with positive phylogenetic signal (temperature niche position and precipitation niche breadth) evolved under the Brownian motion model, also indicating no directional selection on these traits. As a result, climatic niche evolution does not seem to be the major driver for the diversification in Telescopus.Öğe Anti-inflammatory properties of Centaurea calolepis Boiss. and cnicin against Macrovipera lebetina obtusa (Dwigubsky, 1832) and Montivipera xanthina (Gray, 1849) venoms in rat(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2018) Demiroz, Tugce; Albayrak, Gokay; Nalbantsoy, Ayse; Gocmen, Bayram; Baykan, SuraMacrovipera lebetina obtusa (Dwigubsky, 1832) and Montivipera xanthina (Gray, 1849) (Ottoman Viper) are viper snakes from Viperidae family and found in various locations in Anatolia. Both snakes are responsible for major snake bite cases in Turkey Their venoms cause necrosis, hemorrhage, pain and local edema. Centaurea L. (Asteraceae) species draw attention as potential anti-inflammatory sources due to their traditional uses and accomplished studies on this field. C. calolepis Boiss. is an endemic taxon distributed in Aegean and Antalya regions in Turkey. Chloroform extract of C. calolepis and its major compound cnicin, a sesquiterpene lactone, are reported to have strong anti-inflammatory activities in-vitro, by previous studies. In the present study, in-vivo anti-inflammatory activities of C. calolepis chloroform extract and the sesquiterpenoid cnicin against edema induced by Macrovipera lebetina obtusa and Montivipera xanthina venoms were evaluated in the rat model. Protein contents and induction doses of the venoms were determined. Carrageenan and snake venoms were used as inducing agents in paw edema tests. Extract demonstrated strong inhibition on edema at all doses and hours against M. xanthina venom and carrageenan. Inhibition ratio of extract at 25 mg/kg dose (84.13% inhibition) after 0.5 h M. xanthina venom injection was more than indomethacin's value (45.4% inhibition). The extract also showed significant effect also on inflammation caused by M. lebetina obtusa venom at all doses. However, 2.5 mg/kg cnicin was more effective than total extract of C. calolepis against rat paw edema induced by (27.31%) M. lebetina obtusa venom. This is the first study reported therapeutic potential of C. calolepis, an endemic plant of Turkey, in case of snake-bites cause inflammation by venomous species in natural fauna of Anatolia.Öğe Antioxidant, cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory properties of Anthemis tricolor Boiss. through a series of cellular assays and inhibition of Turkish Macrovipera lebetina obtusa venom induced inflammation in rat(Istanbul Univ, Fac Pharmacy, 2023) Askin, Dilara; Akbulut, Tugce Demiroz; Baykan, Sura; Gocmen, Bayram; Khan, Shabana; Kirmizibayrak, Petek Ballar; Nalbantsoy, AyseBackground and Aims: Venom of Macrovipera lebetina obtusa (Viperidae), Turkey's biggest viper, is highly toxic to humans and causes inflammation. In Anatolian traditional medicine, manyAnthemis L. species are used in wound healing and against inflammatory diseases. In the present study, antioxidant, cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory activities of different endemic A. tricolor Boiss. extracts were evaluated by in vitro assays. Besides, the anti-inflammatory activities of chloroform extract against carrageenan and snake venom induced-edema were investigated in rats. Methods: Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated by DCFH-DA, iNOS, NF-kappa B inhibitions and NAG-1 gene activation, while WST-1 assay was preferred for cytotoxic activity. Besides, the hind paw edema test was used for in vivo studies. Results: Chloroform extract exhibited the strongest NAG-1-inducing activity. In addition, this extract showed potent iNOS and NF-kappa B inhibition (IC50:14.0 and 10.75 mu g/mL, respectively) and cytotoxic effect against human osteosarcoma (U2OS; IC50: 15.18 mu g/mL) and human cervical cancer (HeLa; IC50: 18.3 mu g/mL) cell lines. Moreover, chloroform extract had stronger anti-inflammatory effects against both carrageenan and snake venom induced-edema formation than indomethacin. Fifty and 100 mg/kg extracts reduced the paw edema to 1-3% at 4 h after the snake venom injection. On the other hand, 50, 25 and 12.5 mg/kg of the extract completely inhibited inflammation induced by carrageenan.Conclusion: This is the first report on the antioxidant, cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory effects of endemic A. tricolor by in vitro studies and snake venom-induced paw edema in rats. The plant exhibits strong potential for treating local tissue damage in snake bites.Öğe Bergmann's and Rensch's rules and the spur-thighed tortoise (Testudo graeca)(Wiley-Blackwell, 2016) Werner, Yehudah L.; Korolker, Nuphar; Sion, Guy; Gocmen, BayramBody size is an ecologically important variable in animals. The geographical size variation of most snakes and some lizards counters Bergmann's rule in that, among related taxa, the larger ones live at warmer latitudes. However, exceptions notwithstanding, and despite being ectothermic, turtles as a group tend to obey Bergmann's rule. We examined this idea in Testudo graeca, ranging from Morocco to Romania and to Iran with disputed systematics, both at the global scale (using literature) and within the focal area of Israel (using museum specimens). Both globally and locally, carapace length correlated with latitude, in accordance with Bergmann's rule. The scant data on reproduction fully support the hypothesis that Bergmann's rule enables larger clutches where the climate would limit repeated clutches. The sexual size dimorphism (SSD) was approached using two methodologies: (1) conventional', using globally literature data and locally museum samples and (2) innovated', using photographs of copulating tortoises from Israel and Turkey. By each methodology, SSD emerged as being male biased in the larger-bodied populations and female biased in the smaller-bodied populations, obeying Rensch's rule. Some observations support the hypothesis that the evolution of large males serves intermale combating. Finally, Rensch's rule was found to apply separately within Anatolia and within the Levant, possibly indicating that these populations are separate.Öğe Biological activities of skin and parotoid gland secretions of bufonid toads (Bufo bufo, Bufo verrucosissimus and Bufotes variabilis) from Turkey(Elsevier France-Editions Scientifiques Medicales Elsevier, 2016) Nalbantsoy, Ayse; Karis, Mert; Yalcin, Husniye Tansel; Gocmen, BayramToad glandular secretions and skin extractions contain numerous natural agents which may provide unique resources for novel drug development. Especially the skin-parotoid gland secretions of toads from genus Bufo contain as many as 86 different types of active compounds, each with the potential of becoming a potent drug. In the present study, crude skin-parotoid gland secretions from Bufo bufo, Bufo verrucosissimus and Bufotes variabilis from Turkey were screened against various cancer cells together with normal cells using MTT assay. Furthermore, the antimicrobial properties of skin secretions were tested on selected bacterial and fungal species for assessing the possible medical applications. Antimicrobial activity of skin secretions was studied by determining minimal inhibitory concentration ( MIC) in broth dilution method. Hemolytic activity of each skin-secretion was also estimated for evaluating pharmaceutical potential. Both skin-parotoid gland secretions showed high cytotoxic effect on all cancerous and non-cancerous cell lines with IC50 values varying between <0.1 mu g/ml and 6.02 mu g/ml. MIC results of antimicrobial activity tests were found to be between 3.9 mu g/ml and 250 mu g/ml. No hemolytic activities on rabbit red blood cells at concentrations between 0.5 mu g/ml and 50 mu g/ml were observed. In conclusion, skin-parotoid secretions of bufonid toads might be remarkable candidates for anti-cancer and antimicrobial agents without hemolytic activities. (C) 2016 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.Öğe Combined venom profiling and cytotoxicity screening of the Radde's mountain viper (Montivipera raddei) and Mount Bulgar Viper (Montivipera bulgardaghica) with potent cytotoxicity against human A549 lung carcinoma cells(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2017) Nalbantsoy, Ayse; Hempel, Benjamin-Florian; Petras, Daniel; Heiss, Paul; Gocmen, Bayram; Igci, Nasit; Yildiz, Mehmet Zulfu; Sussmuth, Roderich D.Here we report the first characterization of the endemic Mount Bulgar Viper (Montivipera bulgardaghica) and Radde's mountain viper (Montivipera raddei) venom by a combined approach using intact mass profiling and bottom-up proteomics. The cytotoxicity screening of crude venom as well as isolated serine proteases revealed a high activity against A549 human lung carcinoma cells. By means of intact mass profiling of native and reduced venom we observed basic and acidic phospholipases type A(2). Moreover, the analysis revealed snake venom metalloproteases, cysteine-rich secretory proteins, disintegrins, snake venom serine proteases, C-type lectins, a vascular endothelial growth factor and an L-amino acid oxidase. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Comparative phylogeography of six herpetofauna species in Cyprus: late Miocene to Pleistocene colonization routes(Wiley-Blackwell, 2013) Poulakakis, Nikos; Kapli, Paschalia; Kardamaki, Afroditi; Skourtanioti, Eirini; Gocmen, Bayram; Ilgaz, Cetin; Kumlutas, Yusuf; Avci, Aziz; Lymberakis, PetrosThe colonization patterns of oceanic islands are often interpreted through transmarine dispersal. However, in islands with intense human activities and unclear geological history, this inference may be inappropriate. Cyprus is such an island, whose geotectonic evolution has not been clarified yet to the desired level for biogeographical reconstructions, leaving the questions of how the Cypriote biota arrived' and does the dispersal have the formative role in patterns of its diversification' unanswered. Here, we address these issues through a reconstruction of the evolutionary history of six herptiles (Ablepharus budaki, Ophisops elegans, Acanthodactylus schreiberi, Telescopus fallax, Pelophylax cf. bedriagae, and Hyla savignyi) by means of mitochondrial DNA (cytochrome b and 16S rRNA), applying a Bayesian phylogenetic, biogeographical, and chronophylogenetic analyses. The phylogeographical analyses show that the colonization history of those species in Cyprus started in the late Miocene and extended into the Pliocene and Pleistocene, with geodispersal, transmarine dispersal, and human-mediated dispersal having their share in shaping the diversification of Cypriote herptiles. The revealed patterns could be divided into three biogeographical categories: old colonizers that arrived in Cyprus during the late Miocene or early Pliocene either by a land bridge (geodispersal) which connected Cyprus with the mainland or by transmarine dispersal, younger colonizers that reached the island through transmarine dispersal from the Middle East, and new settlers that arrived through human-induced (voluntary or not) introductions. This work advances our knowledge of the biogeography of Cyprus and highlights the need to consider both geo- and transmarine dispersal when dealing with islands whose associations do not have a straightforward interpretation.(c) 2013 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2013, 108, 619-635.Öğe Comparative phylogeography of six herpetofauna species in Cyprus: late Miocene to Pleistocene colonization routes(Wiley-Blackwell, 2013) Poulakakis, Nikos; Kapli, Paschalia; Kardamaki, Afroditi; Skourtanioti, Eirini; Gocmen, Bayram; Ilgaz, Cetin; Kumlutas, Yusuf; Avci, Aziz; Lymberakis, PetrosThe colonization patterns of oceanic islands are often interpreted through transmarine dispersal. However, in islands with intense human activities and unclear geological history, this inference may be inappropriate. Cyprus is such an island, whose geotectonic evolution has not been clarified yet to the desired level for biogeographical reconstructions, leaving the questions of how the Cypriote biota arrived' and does the dispersal have the formative role in patterns of its diversification' unanswered. Here, we address these issues through a reconstruction of the evolutionary history of six herptiles (Ablepharus budaki, Ophisops elegans, Acanthodactylus schreiberi, Telescopus fallax, Pelophylax cf. bedriagae, and Hyla savignyi) by means of mitochondrial DNA (cytochrome b and 16S rRNA), applying a Bayesian phylogenetic, biogeographical, and chronophylogenetic analyses. The phylogeographical analyses show that the colonization history of those species in Cyprus started in the late Miocene and extended into the Pliocene and Pleistocene, with geodispersal, transmarine dispersal, and human-mediated dispersal having their share in shaping the diversification of Cypriote herptiles. The revealed patterns could be divided into three biogeographical categories: old colonizers that arrived in Cyprus during the late Miocene or early Pliocene either by a land bridge (geodispersal) which connected Cyprus with the mainland or by transmarine dispersal, younger colonizers that reached the island through transmarine dispersal from the Middle East, and new settlers that arrived through human-induced (voluntary or not) introductions. This work advances our knowledge of the biogeography of Cyprus and highlights the need to consider both geo- and transmarine dispersal when dealing with islands whose associations do not have a straightforward interpretation.(c) 2013 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2013, 108, 619-635.Öğe Comparative phylogeography reveals distinct colonization patterns of Cretan snakes(Wiley-Blackwell, 2013) Kyriazi, Panagiota; Kornilios, Panagiotis; Nagy, Zoltan Tamas; Poulakakis, Nikos; Kumlutas, Yusuf; Ilgaz, Cetin; Avci, Aziz; Gocmen, Bayram; Lymberakis, PetrosAim We assessed genetic relationships among populations for each of the four snake species found on Crete (Zamenis situla, Hierophis gemonensis, Telescopus fallax and Natrix tessellata), including conspecific populations from the Aegean area. Our aim was to reconstruct their phylogeographical histories, especially regarding their occurrence on Crete. Location Crete, Aegean Sea and eastern Mediterranean. Methods Genetic diversity and relationships were based on sequences of the mitochondrial marker cytochrome b, applying phylogenetic analyses (maximum likelihood, Bayesian inference and neighbour-joining), a median-joining network analysis and a molecular dating analysis. Results The Z. situla phylogeny includes a clade with specimens from Crete, the Peloponnese and Thera, while specimens from Turkey, northern Greece and the eastern Aegean islands form a separate clade. The H. gemonensis tree also presents two clades: one comprising specimens from Crete and Kythera, and another representing the continental part of the species' distribution. For N. tessellata, Cretan populations are found as the sister clade to populations from Europe and western Turkey. A more complex genetic structure is found in T. fallax: specimens from Crete, Thera and Antikythera form a clade, which itself forms part of a western' clade, and an eastern' clade includes specimens from Turkey, the eastern Aegean islands and Cyprus. The splits resulting in the Cretan clades for T. fallax and N. tessellata occurred at the end of the Miocene and the Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary, respectively. The Cretan lineages of H. gemonensis and Z. situla diversified during the Pleistocene. Main conclusions Zamenis situla and H. gemonensis exhibit a phylogeographical pattern that involves a transmarine dispersal from southern continental Greece to Crete (possibly by humans in the case of Z. situla). The occurrence of T. fallax on Crete is explained by a natural dispersal from the west and isolation by vicariance. Although these two patterns have also been inferred for other studied herptiles of Crete, the pattern in N. tessellata is unique and involves a transmarine dispersal from south-western Turkey to Crete.Öğe Comparative study on the endangered Marmaris Lycian salamander populations, Lyciasalamandra flavimembris (Mutz & Steinfartz, 1995) (Caudata: Salamandridae), with the description of several new localities(Univ Oradea Publ House, 2017) Gocmen, Bayram; Karis, MertWe report on several new populations of the Marmaris salamander, Lyciasalamandra flavimembris, discovered from Mugla province, based on our scientific fieldwork in February-April 2015. We encountered five new localities for the species, one of them belongs to L. f. flavimembris, and four localities for L. l. ilgazi, respectively. In order to determine the differentiation between these two subspecies, all populations were examined morphologically and compared in detail. We studied a total 55 individuals (L. f. flavimembris: 8 male male, 14 female female, 4 juv.; and L. l. ilgazi: 6 male male, 19 female female, 4 juv.) based on our material collected in the field. Furthermore, we compared morphometric results and colour-pattern characteristics between the two subspecies. With the new records, the number of known localities for the species is increased from four to nine.Öğe Comparative Venomics of the Vipera ammodytes transcaucasiana and Vipera ammodytes montandoni from Turkey Provides Insights into Kinship(Mdpi, 2018) Hempel, Benjamin-Florian; Damm, Maik; Gocmen, Bayram; Karis, Mert; Oguz, Mehmet Anil; Nalbantsoy, Ayse; Suessmuth, Roderich D.The Nose-horned Viper (Vipera ammodytes) is one of the most widespread and venomous snakes in Europe, which causes high frequent snakebite accidents. The first comprehensive venom characterization of the regional endemic Transcaucasian Nose-horned Viper (Vipera ammodytes transcaucasiana) and the Transdanubian Sand Viper (Vipera ammodytes montandoni) is reported employing a combination of intact mass profiling and bottom-up proteomics. The bottom-up analysis of both subspecies identified the major snake protein families of viper venoms. Furthermore, intact mass profiling revealed the presence of two tripeptidic metalloprotease inhibitors and their precursors. While previous reports applied multivariate analysis techniques to clarify the taxonomic status of the subspecies, an accurate classification of Vipera ammodytestranscaucasiana is still part of the ongoing research. The comparative analysis of the viper venoms on the proteome level reveals a close relationship between the Vipera ammodytes subspecies, which could be considered to clarify the classification of the Transcaucasian Nose-horned Viper. However, the slightly different ratio of some venom components could be indicating interspecific variations of the two studied subspecies or intraspecies alternations based on small sample size. Additionally, we performed a bioactivity screening with the crude venoms against several human cancerous and non-cancerous cell lines, which showed interesting results against a human breast adenocarcinoma epithelial cell line. Several fractions of Vipera a. transcaucasiana demonstrated a strong cytotoxic effect on triple negative MDA MB 231 breast cancer cells.Öğe Cytotoxic potential of Wagner's Viper, Montivipera wagneri, venom(Univ Oradea Publ House, 2016) Nalbantsoy, Ayse; Igci, Nasit; Gocmen, Bayram; Mebert, KonradSnake venoms contain a variety of biologically active proteins, which have therapeutic potential. Montivipera wagneri is an endemic mountain viper species of Turkey. In this study, the cytotoxic activity of M. wagneri crude venom was investigated against A549, HeLa, CaCo-2, U-87MG, PC3 and MCF-7 cancerous cells and non-cancerous cells Vero and HEK293 by MTT assay. The IC50 values of M. wagneri crude venom on cultured cells varied from 1.02 +/- 0.02 to 19.76 +/- 0.42 mu g/ml, with the most potent activities against A549 and CaCo-2 cells. The present work documents the venom of M. wagneri for the first time, showing promising results as a potential source for cytotoxic proteins or peptides.Öğe Cytotoxicity of Silica Nanoparticles with Transcaucasian Nose-Horned Viper, Vipera ammodytes transcaucasiana, Venom on U87MG and SHSY5Y Neuronal Cancer Cells(Humana Press Inc, 2018) Celen, Cigdem; Kececiler, Ceren; Karis, Mert; Gocmen, Bayram; Yesil-Celiktas, Ozlem; Nalbantsoy, AyseHighly bioactive compounds of the snake venom make them particular sources for anticancer agent development. They contain very rich peptide-protein structures. Therefore, they are very susceptible to environmental conditions such as temperature, pH, and light. In this study, Vipera ammodytes transcaucasiana venom was encapsulated in PAMAM-G4 dendrimer by sol-gel method in order to prevent degradation of venom contents from the environmental conditions. For this purpose, nanoparticles were prepared by sol-gel methodology and SEM analyses were performed. U87MG and SHSY5Y neuronal cancer cell lines were treated with different concentrations of venom-containing nanoparticles and cytotoxicity was determined by MTT assay. IC50 values of nanoparticles with snake venom were calculated as 37.24 and 44.64g/ml for U87MG and SHSY5Y cells, respectively. The IC50 values of nanoparticles with snake venom were calculated as 10.07 and 7.9g/ml for U87MG and SHSY5Y cells, respectively. As a result, nanoparticles with V. a. transcaucasiana venom showed remarkably high cytotoxicity. Encapsulation efficiency of nanoparticles with 1mg/ml snake venom was determined as %67 via BCA protein analysis. In conclusion, this method is found to be convenient and useful for encapsulating snake venom as well as being suitable for drug delivery systems.Öğe Effect of Ottoman Viper (Montivipera xanthina (Gray, 1849)) Venom on Various Cancer Cells and on Microorganisms(Springer, 2014) Yalcin, Husniye Tansel; Ozen, Mehmet Ozgun; Gocmen, Bayram; Nalbantsoy, AyseCytotoxic and antimicrobial effects of Montivipera xanthina venom against LNCaP, MCF-7, HT-29, Saos-2, Hep3B, Vero cells and antimicrobial activity against selected bacterial and fungal species: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, E. coli O157H7, Enterococcus faecalis 29212, Enterococcus faecium DSM 13590, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228, S. typhimirium CCM 5445, Proteus vulgaris ATCC 6957 and Candida albicans ATCC 10239 were studied for evaluating the potential medical benefit of this snake venom. Cytotoxicity of venom was determined using MTT assay. Snake venom cytotoxicity was expressed as the venom dose that killed 50 % of the cells (IC50). The antimicrobial activity of venom was studied by minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and disc diffusion assay. MIC was determined using broth dilution method. The estimated IC50 values of venom varied from 3.8 to 12.7 or from 1.9 to 7.2 mu g/ml after treatment with crude venom for 24 or 48 h for LNCaP, MCF-7, HT-29 and Saos-2 cells. There was no observable cytotoxic effect on Hep3B and Vero cells. Venom exhibited the most potent activity against C. albicans (MIC, 7.8 mu g/ml and minimal fungicidal concentration, 62.5 mu g/ml) and S. aureus (MIC, 31.25 mu g/ml). This study is the first report showing the potential of M. xanthina venom as an alternative therapeutic approach due to its cytotoxic and antimicrobial effects.Öğe Environmental temperatures shape thermal physiology as well as diversification and genome-wide substitution rates in lizards(Nature Publishing Group, 2019) Garcia-Porta, Joan; Irisarri, Iker; Kirchner, Martin; Rodriguez, Ariel; Kirchhof, Sebastian; Brown, Jason L.; MacLeod, Amy; Turner, Alexander P.; Ahmadzadeh, Faraham; Albaladejo, Gonzalo; Garcia-Porta, Joan; Crnobrnja-Isailovic, Jelka; De la Riva, Ignacio; Fawzi, Adnane; Galan, Pedro; Gocmen, Bayram; Harris, D. James; Jimenez-Robles, Octavio; Joger, Ulrich; Glavas, Olga Jovanovic; Karis, Mert; Koziel, Giannina; Kunzel, Sven; Lyra, Mariana; Miles, Donald; Nogales, Manuel; Oguz, Mehmet Anil; Pafilis, Panayiotis; Rancilhac, Lois; Rodriguez, Noemi; Rodriguez Concepcion, Benza; Sanchez, Eugenia; Salvi, Daniele; Slimani, Tahar; S'khifa, Abderrahim; Qashqaei, Ali Turk; Zagar, Anamarija; Lemmon, Alan; Lemmon, Emily Moriarty; Carretero, Miguel Angel; Carranza, Salvador; Philippe, Herve; Sinervo, Barry; Muller, Johannes; Vences, Miguel; Valero, Katharina C. WollenbergClimatic conditions changing over time and space shape the evolution of organisms at multiple levels, including temperate lizards in the family Lacertidae. Here we reconstruct a dated phylogenetic tree of 262 lacertid species based on a supermatrix relying on novel phylogenomic datasets and fossil calibrations. Diversification of lacertids was accompanied by an increasing disparity among occupied bioclimatic niches, especially in the last 10 Ma, during a period of progressive global cooling. Temperate species also underwent a genomewide slowdown in molecular substitution rates compared to tropical and desert-adapted lacertids. Evaporative water loss and preferred temperature are correlated with bioclimatic parameters, indicating physiological adaptations to climate. Tropical, but also some populations of cool-adapted species experience maximum temperatures close to their preferred temperatures. We hypothesize these species-specific physiological preferences may constitute a handicap to prevail under rapid global warming, and contribute to explaining local lizard extinctions in cool and humid climates.Öğe Extended Snake Venomics by Top-Down In-Source Decay: Investigating the Newly Discovered Anatolian Meadow Viper Subspecies, Vipera anatolica senliki(Amer Chemical Soc, 2020) Hempel, Benjamin-Florian; Damm, Maik; Gocmen, Bayram; Karis, Mert; Nalbantsoy, Ayse; Kini, R. Manjunatha; Suessmuth, Roderich D.Herein, we report on the venom proteome of Vipera anatolica senliki, a recently discovered and hitherto unexplored subspecies of the critically endangered Anatolian meadow viper endemic to the Antalya Province of Turkey. Integrative venomics, including venom gland transcriptomics as well as complementary bottom-up and top-down proteomics analyses, were applied to fully characterize the venom of V. a. senliki. Furthermore, the classical top-down venomics approach was extended to elucidate the venom proteome by an alternative in-source decay (ISD) proteomics workflow using the reducing matrix 1,5-diaminonaphthalene. Top-down ISD proteomics allows for disulfide bond counting and effective de novo sequencing-based identification of highmolecular-weight venom constituents, both of which are difficult to achieve by commonly established top-down approaches. Venom gland transcriptome analysis identified 96 toxin transcript annotations from 18 toxin families. Relative quantitative snake venomics revealed snake venom metalloproteinases (42.9%) as the most abundant protein family, followed by several less dominant toxin families. Online mass profiling and top-down venomics provide a detailed insight into the venom proteome of V. a. senliki and facilitate a comparative analysis of venom variability for the closely related subspecies, Vipera anatolica anatolica.Öğe Faunistic Study of Sand Flies in Northern Cyprus(Univ Oradea Publ House, 2010) Demir, Samiye; Gocmen, Bayram; Ozbel, YusufA faunistic study of Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) sand flies was carried out in northern Cyprus. A total of 12,517 sand flies (3,285 males and 9,232 females) was collected from 20 different localities in July and September 2004. Nine species belonging to genus Phlebotomus and 3 species of genus Sergentomyia were identified. Of these, the presence of the species Phlebotomus neglectus Tonnoir was reported for the first time in Cyprus, while P. jacusieli Theodor, P. kyreniae Theodor and P. economidesi Leger, Depaquit & Ferte were reported from the island for only the second time. However, P. mascitlii Grassi which was previously reported from southern Cyprus was not found in this study. The most abundant species for the overall northern Cyprus were P. galilaeus Theodor (60.88%), P. papatasi Scopoli (15.67%) and P. tobbi Adler & Theodor (12.47%). These three species account for 89.02% of all sand flies collected in this survey. Because of the previously reported parasitic diseases such as human and canine visceral leishmaniasis, cutaneous leishmaniasis and viral diseases such as sand fly fever, the distribution of the sand fly species belonging to genus Phlebotomus found in northern Cyprus and their vectorial status were discussed and the results were compared with previous reports.Öğe Fecal ciliate composition of Cypriot domestic horses (Equus caballus Linnaeus, 1758)(Tubitak Scientific & Technical Research Council Turkey, 2012) Gocmen, Bayram; Gurelli, Gozde; Dehority, Burk A.The species composition and distribution of large intestinal ciliates was investigated in feces from 5 Cypriot domestic horses living in Northern Cyprus. We identified 9 ciliate genera and 11 species. This is the first report on intestinal ciliates in Cypriot domestic horses, and no endemic species were observed. The genera Cycloposthium, Spirodinium, and Paraisotricha occurred in all animals. The mean number of ciliates was (5.5 +/- 4.4) x 10(4) cells mL(-1) of feces and the mean number of ciliate species per host was 7.2 +/- 1.5. The characteristics of the domestic horse ciliates were almost identical to those reported in other equids from various regions around the world, suggesting that there is little or no pronounced geographic variation in the intestinal ciliate fauna of equids.Öğe First record of ectoparasitic ciliates, of genus Trichodina (Ciliophora: Trichodinidae) parasiting cultured Oranda Gold Fish (Carassius auratus auratus L.) in India(Magnolia Press, 2017) Saha, Mandira; Bandyopadhyay, Probir Kumar; Gocmen, BayramOrnamental fish culture is considered as one of the most important source of home entertainment, because of its diversity and beauty of picturesque colors. Trichodiniasis of fishes causing harm and economic losses in this fish industry. There are many records of trichodinids ectoparasites infesting fish have been found throughout the World, but no such attempt has been made to study the parasitic group infesting ornamental fish, preferably oranda goldfish (Carassius auratus auratus L.) in India. A parasitological search in some ornamental fish farms have been revealed for the first time the occurrence of trichodinid species previously described so far from the oranda goldfish in India. They are Trichodina reticulata, Trichodina mutabilis, Trichodina acuta, Trichodina ngoma, Trichodina nandusi and Trichodina domergui. These parasites have not been reported earlier from the oranda goldfish in India. The paper deals with the diversity, distribution and taxonomic descriptions of these six trichodinid species based on the wet silver nitrate impregnated observations along with new host, locality and prevalence of infestation.
