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    Anti-bacterial activity of the fluid contents of spermatoceles and epididymal cysts
    (1995) Günaydin G.; Özyurt C.; Koçak I.; Badak Z.; Girgin F.
    Objective To show that the fluids obtained from spermatoceles and epididymal cysts are not infected, even though they may be present for long periods, and that these fluids have bactericidal activity. Materials and methods Sixteen patients, 13 with a spermatocele and three with an epididymal cyst, were included in the study. Protein, glucose, chloride, inorganic phosphorus, calcium and magnesium contents were measured and cultures of the fluids were carried out. Bactericidal activity against the Escherichia coli NTCC 10418 clone was tested in different dilutions. Results Biochemical analysis showed that the protein, glucose and ionic content of the fluids was lower than that of serum, except for chloride. Microbiological cultures were negative for all samples. A significant bactericidal effect was obtained with 1/1 dilution and no reproduction was seen with this dilution. Conclusion These findings indicate that the fluids within spermatoceles and epididymal cysts do not become infected under normal circumstances. Copyright © 1995, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved
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    Effects of trimetazidine in ethanol- and acetic acid-induced colitis: Oxidant/anti-oxidant status
    (Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 1999) Girgin F.; Karaoglu A.Ö.; Tüzün S.; Erkus M.; Özütemiz Ö.; Dinçer Ç.; Batur Y.; Tanyalçin T.
    There is overwhelming evidence in favour of a significant role of reactive oxygen metabolites (ROM) in the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in man and in experimental animal models. This study was undertaken to investigate the possible protective effects of pretreatment with trimetazidine (TMZ) on the oxidant-anti-oxidant balance in ethanol- and acetic acid-induced colonic damage in rats. TMZ was chosen because of its various cytoprotective features (preserving cellular ATP levels, limiting intracellular acidosis and limiting inorganic phosphate, Na+ and Ca2+ accumulation) and anti-oxy characteristics which were previously reported. A total of 80 rats were randomized into eight major groups each consisting of 10 animals. Animals in groups 1, 2 and 3 served as models of ethanol-induced colitis (0.25 ml of 30% (v/v) ethanol), while group 4 served as their control. Animals in groups 5, 6 and 7 served as models of acetic acid-induced colitis (1 ml of 4% (v/v) acetic acid), while group 8 served as their control. TMZ was administered 5 mg/kg by intrarectal (i.r.) and intraperitoneal (i.p.) routes to groups 1, 2, 5 and 6. Intraperitoneal administration of TMZ was used in order to evaluate its systemic effect while i.r. administration was used to determine its local effect. After decapitation, colon mucosa samples were obtained and evaluated macroscopically and microscopically. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities as markers for inflammation, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels as markers for oxidant stress and reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) levels as markers for anti-oxidant status were determined. Acute colitis was observed in macroscopic and micro- scopic evaluation in ethanol- and acetic acid-administered groups compared with controls (P = 0.000). The macroscopic and microscopic scores in colitis groups were correlated with MPO activities (r = 0.5365, P = 0.000 and r = 0.5499, P = 0.000, respectively). MDA and GSSG levels in the acetic acid-induced colitis group were higher compared with ethanol-induced colitis group (P < 0.008 and P < 0.005, respectively), while GSH levels were significantly lower (P < 0.05). While TMZ pretreatment did not improve the oxidant state, it preserved the GSH levels significantly (P < 0.05). In conclusion, ethanol- and acetic acid-induced colitis models are appropriate experimental colitis models which in many ways manifest the characteristics seen in tissue injury related to colitis in humans. Of these two, the acetic acid-induced colitis model proved more suitable than the ethanol model for investigating the alterations in long-term and in more severe tissue injury. While TMZ pretreatment via i.p. or i.r. route did not improve the oxidative-inflammative state in either of these models, it did contribute significantly to the preservation of the anti-oxidant pool via the conservation of intracellular GSH levels. This conserving effect of TMZ was substantially more pronounced in the i.p. route compared with the i.r. route. Based on our results, we conclude that the 'GSH-preservation' role of TMZ can be the mode of action it manifests as an anti-oxy compound.
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    Interaction of the prefrontal cortex biogenic amines and mao inhibitors during the physiological aging process [Fizyolojik yaşlanma sürecinde prefrontal korteks biyojen aminler ve mao inhibitörlerinin etkileşimi]
    (1999) Gülter C.; Girgin F.; Alper G.; Özgönül M.; Menteş G.; Ersöz B.
    The process of aging is becoming increasingly important as the avarage longevity of the population increases and the number of people with both age-associated impairment and neurodegenerative diseases of old age rises sharply. The disturbed integrity of dopaminergic, noradrenergic and serotonergic neurons is considered to be the key in the impairments seen during aging and certain diseases. Underlying of the mental and motor changes observed in the elderly population, biogenic amines seem to play an important role. Monoamine oxidase(MAO) is an enzyme responsible for the inactivation of these biologically important active amines. It is one of the most investigated enzyme presumably because of its importance in biological psychiatry. The activity of MAO displays great variances in different organs during the process of aging and in the physiopathology of certain neurodegenerative diseases. Thus in the recent years, MAO inhibition is a widely used therapeutic strategy in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and depression seen in the elderly. The aim of our study was to determine the changes in biogenic amines, adrenalin (A), noradrenalin (NA), serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA), as well as in their metabolites, normetanephrine (NMN), homovanillic acid (HVA), dihydroxy phenyl acetic acid (DOPAC), 5-hydroxyindol acetic acid (5-HIAA) occuring concurrently with the changes in MAO activity of the prefrontal cortex of aging rats. We aimed to observe the effects of MAO inhibitors on altered levels of biogenic amines and their metabolites, in the first part of this study MAO activity and the levels of biogenic amines and their metabolites were measured in the prefrontal collides of young (2-3 months old, n = 15) and aging (16-18 months old, n = 15) rats. In the second step, after chronic administration of deprenyl, MAO-B inhibitor, (0.25 mg/kg/day, 14days, I.P) the above mentioned parameters were measured in the prefrontal corticies of young (2-3 months old. n=10) and aging (16-18 months, n=10) rats. The'results showed that MAO activities in prefrontal cortex were significantly higher in the aging groups (p=0.05). As for the biogenic amines elevated levels of noradrenaline and dopamine (respectively p=0.03,p=0.009); for the metabolites elevated levels of normetanephrine homovanillic acid and dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid were found in the aging groups (respectively p=0,006, p=0.001, p=0.05). Administration of MAO inhibitor resulted in no difference in the levels of biogenic amines between placebo and deprenyl groups in neither young nor aging groups. However MAO activities were significantly decreased (respectively %65, %76).