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    Chemical composition, toxic and development- and reproduction-inhibiting effects of some essential oils against Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acarina: Tetranychidae) as fumigants
    (Springer Heidelberg, 2018) Topuzi, Emine; Madanlar, Nilgun; Erler, Fedai
    The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), is one of the most serious pests of many crops both indoors and outdoors in south-western Turkey (Antalya). In the present study, essential oils (EOs) from five medicinal and aromatic plants [Mentha pulegium L. (Labiatae), Foenicultan vulgare Mill. (Umbelliferae), Pistacia terebinthus L., Schinus molle L. (Anacardiaceae) and Vitex agnus-castus L. (Verbenaceae)] were tested for their fumigant toxic and development- and reproduction-inhibiting effects against the pest under in vivo conditions. In the fumigant toxicity assays, newly emerged (0-24 h) adult females and larvae and 0-24-h-old eggs of the mite were exposed to four different concentrations of each EO for 12 h in separate desiccators (10 L) used as test chambers. In the development- and reproduction-inhibiting assays, newly emerged (0-24 h) female deutonymphs of the mite were separately exposed to a lower concentration (0.5 mu L/L for M. pulegium, 2 mu L/L for F. vulgare, 2.5 mu L/L for P. terebinthus and 10 mu L/L for V. agnus-castus and S. molle) of each EO in desiccators for 12 h, and then, 20 survivors from each EO were individually maintained on cotton leaf discs to obtain data on some parameters (adult emergence rate, number of eggs per female, egg-hatching rate, etc.) until there are no living individuals. The results from the study indicated that all the EOs had fumigant effect against the mite in varying degrees. M. pulegium was found to be the most toxic oil against all the biological stages tested (LC50 = 0.60 mu L/L air for eggs, 0.60 mu L/L air for larvae and 0.49 mu L/L air for adult females), followed by F. vulgare (LC50 = 2.67 mu L/L air for eggs and adult females, and 2.56 mu L/L air for larvae). M. pulegium EO also had the highest development- and reproduction-inhibiting effect on the pest. Fecundity was reduced by 55.9% and egg hatching was inhibited by 29.9% in survivors of deutonymphs of T. urticae fumigated with M. pulegium EO at 0.5 mu L/L air for 12 h. In the phytotoxicity assays with tomato, cucumber, Phaseolus and eggplant seedlings, scattered necrotic spots and slight chlorosis only on the young foliage of cucumber seedlings exposed to M. pulegium EO at the highest concentration for 12 h were visual symptoms of phytotoxicity. Overall results indicate that M. pulegium EO can be used in the management of T. urticae in greenhouses as a fumigant for both toxic and development- and reproduction-inhibiting effects.
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    EVALUATION OF FUMIGANT TOXICITY OF Mentha pulegium ESSENTIAL OIL AGAINST Tetranychus cinnabarinus UNDER GREENHOUSE CONDITIONS
    (Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2012) Topuz, Emine; Madanlar, Nilgun; Erler, Fedai
    The carmine spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) (Acarina: Tetranychidae), is one of the most economically important pests of greenhouse-grown vegetables and ornamentals in southwestern part of Turkey (Antalya). In the present study, the fumigant toxicity of Mentha pulegium L. (Lamiaceae) essential oil was tested against T. cinnabarinus on cucumber under greenhouse conditions in the autumn of 2007. Two successive applications with the oil using a concentration of 4 mu L/L air were made at a time when the majority of mites were at active stages (larva, nymph and adult) of development. The first application in mid-October was applied in mid-day at a temperature of similar to 45 degrees C (inner temperature at the greenhouse). The second application in mid-November was made in the evening (at 12 degrees C) in the same greenhouse. After an exposure period of 12 h, treatment efficacy was determined by counting live/dead individuals (larva, nymphs and adults) from leaf samples, compared with that of a non-treated control. Sampling was done 1 day before and 1, 3, 7 and 14 days after treatments. Fourteen days after each application, the first one resulted in 89.25% and 72.93% reduction in the populations of larva + nymphs and adults of the pest, respectively, compared to the non-treated control, whereas the second one in the evening was less effective (54.13% and 50.85%, respectively). Pulegone, determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, was the major constituent of the oil (94.99%). The results obtained suggest that the essential oil from M. pulegium has potential to be used as a fumigant for management of T. cinnabarinus under greenhouse conditions.