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Öğe Anthropomorphic Vessels from the Old Smyrna Bayrakl? Mound and Their Meaning in the Bronze Age of the West Anatolia Region(Istanbul Univ, 2022) Eroğlu, Gülnur; Erdem, Aylin U.Archaeological excavations since 2017 of Bayrakli Mound in Old Smyrna in the western trenches have presented significant evidence of the period between the end of the Early Bronze Age and the beginning of the Middle Bronze Age. The trench is characterized by three archaeological layers, with Layer I providing some sherds related to anthropomorphic vessels containing stylized human faces and dating back to the transition from the Early to the Middle Bronze period. The anthropomorphic samples are represented by a small number of sherds with different forms and features.This article discusses the anthropomorphic vessel sherds from Layer I of the Bayrakli Mound in terms of their forms, decorations, and features and makes some comparisons with other Bronze Age sites in the West Anatolia Region. Accordingly, general interpretations have been made about the location of the Bayrakli samples in the West Anatolia Region.Öğe Formation in the Highlands of Eastern Turkey: An Overview From the Bronze to Iron Ages(Istanbul Univ, 2023) Erdem, Aylin U.Archaeological data from the highlands of Eastern Turkey unfortunately does not provide tangible evidence for the transformation of the earliest village communities into the institutional societies of the Urartian State period. The first as a result of central authority and institutionalization. There is a sharp difference understand the stages of the state transformation process. through the archaeological data, chronologically. The emergence of the first elites in the Eastern Anatolian plateaus goes back to the Middle Bronze Age with the appearance of the kurgan burials, which is mostly observed in Northeastern during the Late Bronze-Early Iron Age, which is characterized by the construction of fortresses and cemeteries including bronze and iron weapons. This means the state formation in the region and the establishment of the Urartian State rises from the organizational process of the semi-nomadic tribes dealing with animal husbandry during the Early Iron Age, rather than farmer societies engaged in agriculture. In other words, the state formation in the Eastern Anatolian highlands did not in the form of village, state and city.Öğe IRON AGE ASIRETS (TRIBES) IN EASTERN ANATOLIA(Tuba-Turkish Acad Sciences, 2011) Erdem, Aylin U.An overall assessment of both the archaeological evidence and as well the written documents indicate tribal organizations, not unlike present-day "asiret"s had already emerged in Eastern Anatolia by the beginning of the Iron Ages. This paper discusses the existence of semi-nomadic asirets/tribes in the Early Iron Age and their continuation into the Urartian period. In visualizing the active role played by the asirets/tribes during the Urartian state system, comparisons with the status of asirets/tribes within the Ottoman Empire sets an excellent analogy, as the tribes of eastern Anatolia, as the tribes constituted a major component of the Ottoman state system. The present day asirets in Eastern Turkey were also considered in reviewing the modalities of asiret and state relations during the Iron Ages.Öğe POTTERS' MARKS IN URARTU ON THE BASIS OF NEW EVIDENCE FROM AYANIS FORTRESS(Peeters, 2013) Erdem, Aylin U.Potters' marks are one of the major topics deliberated by the scholars in the Near Eastern archaeology. There are some explanations about the meaning of these marks which are still under discussion. The excavations in the Urartian sites demonstrate that the application of pot marks were taken place in the Urartian culture. In this paper, I will debate the meaning of the pot marks in Urartu mainly focusing on the archaeological results from Ayanis Fortress in Eastern Turkey.Öğe POTTERS' MARKS IN URARTU ON THE BASIS OF NEW EVIDENCE FROM AYANIS FORTRESS(Peeters, 2013) Erdem, Aylin U.Potters' marks are one of the major topics deliberated by the scholars in the Near Eastern archaeology. There are some explanations about the meaning of these marks which are still under discussion. The excavations in the Urartian sites demonstrate that the application of pot marks were taken place in the Urartian culture. In this paper, I will debate the meaning of the pot marks in Urartu mainly focusing on the archaeological results from Ayanis Fortress in Eastern Turkey.
