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Öğe Agricultural fertilizers as economical alternative for cultivation of Haematococcus pluvialis(Korean Soc Microbiology & Biotechnology, 2007) Dalay; Conk, Meltem; Imamoglu, Esra; Demirel, ZelihaA Haematococcus pluvialis strain isolated from the ruins of Ephesus in Turkey was investigated as regards its adaptation to laboratory conditions and maximum growth rate. In the first stage of the experiment, the growth of H. pluvialis was compared in common culture media. Furthermore, in an effort to minimize the culture costs, the second stage of the experiment compared the growth rate in the culture medium selected in the first stage with that in commercial plant fertilizers. The results demonstrated that the maximum cell concentration of 0.90 g/l, corresponding to a growth rate of 0.150 d(-1), was found with an N-P-K 20:20:20 fertilizer under a light intensity of 75 mu mol photons m(-2) s(-1) on the 12(th) day of cultivation.Öğe Aligned with sustainable development goals: microwave extraction of astaxanthin from wet algae and selective cytotoxic effect of the extract on lung cancer cells(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2022) Guler, Bahar Aslanbay; Saglam-Metiner, Pelin; Deniz, Irem; Demirel, Zeliha; Yesil-Celiktas, Ozlem; Imamoglu, EsraAstaxanthin is one of the most attractive carotenoid in the cosmetic, food, pharmaceutical, and aquaculture industries due to its strong bioactive properties. Among the various sources, several algae species are considered as rich sources of astaxanthin. Downstream processing of algae involves the majority of the total processing costs. Thus, elimination of high energy involved steps is imperative to achieve cost-effective scale in industry. This study aimed to determine operation conditions for astaxanthin extraction from wet Haematococcus pluvialis using microwave-assisted extraction. The isolated astaxanthin extract was evaluated for cytotoxicity on human lung cancer cells. The microwave-assisted extraction process at 75 degrees C under the power of 700 Watt for 7 min gave the highest astaxanthin yield (12.24 +/- 0.54 mg astaxanthin/g wet cell weight). Based on MTT cell viability and Hoechst 33342 nuclear staining assays on A549 lung cancer cells, astaxanthin inhibited cell growth in dose- and time-dependent manners, where IC50 value was determined as 111.8 +/- 14.8 mu g/mL and apoptotic bodies were observed along with positive control group at 72 hr. These results showed that the treatment with astaxanthin extracted from wet H. pluvialis by microwave-assisted extraction exhibited anti-cancer activity on lung cancer cells indicating a newly potential to be utilized in industry.Öğe Analytical Grade Purification of Phycocyanin from Cyanobacteria(Humana Press Inc, 2020) Khazi, Mahammed Ilyas; Demirel, Zeliha; Liaqat, Fakhra; Dalay, Meltem ConkPhycocyanin is a blue-colored pigment-protein complex that exhibits numerous biofunctions such as anti-inflammation, antioxidation, antitumor, neuroprotective effect, and immunological enhancement. Purified phycocyanin has pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications. In addition, as a nontoxic and non-carcinogenic natural coloring agent, phycocyanin has many applications in the food and cosmetic industries. This chapter describes a protocol for extraction and analytical grade purification of phycocyanin from cyanobacteria. The purification steps include (1) extraction of phycocyanin from biomass, (2) ammonium sulfate precipitation of phycocyanin and dialysis, and (3) purification of phycocyanin by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography.Öğe Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of solvent extracts and the essential oil composition of Laurencia obtusa and Laurencia obtusa var. pyramidata(Ars Docendi, 2011) Demirel, Zeliha; Yilmaz-Koz, Fethiye Ferda; Karabay-Yavasoglu, Nefise Ulku; Ozdemir, Guven; Sukatar, AtakanThe biological activities of Laurencia obtusa and Laurencia obtusa var. pyramidata from Cesme coasts (Turkey) were screened by using in vitro methods. The essential oils of L. obtusa and L. obtusa var. pyramidata were obtained by steam distillation and their chemical compositions were analyzed by GC/MS. The antimicrobial activities against bacteria (two specific pathogenic strains (methicillin-oxacillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300, hemorrhagic Escherichia coli (O157: H7) RSSK 232)) and one yeast strain (Candida albicans ATCC 10239) were determined by using the disc-diffusion technique. The antimicrobial potential of the L. obtusa essential oil was found considerably strong. It showed inhibitory effect on two bacteria and one yeast strain. The hexane and chloroform extracts of L. obtusa and the methanol and chloroform extracts of L. obtusa var. pyramidata were generally found as moderate antioxidants in comparison with butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and alpha-tocopherol (Vitamin E). The chloroform extracts of both the red algae have high phenolic content compared to the other extracts and essential oils.Öğe Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of brown algae from the Aegean Sea(Serbian Chemical Soc, 2009) Demirel, Zeliha; Yilmaz-Koz, Ferda F.; Karabay-Yavasoglu, Ulku N.; Ozdemir, Guven; Sukatar, AtakanThe present study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of methanol, dichloromethane and hexane extracts, as well as the essential oils of brown algae (Phaeophyta) Colpomenia sinuosa, Dictyola dichotoma, Dictyoto dichotoma var. implexa, Petalonia fascia and Scytosiphon lomentaria, The essential oil of the macroalgae was obtained by steam distillation and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The antioxidant activity of the algal extracts was determined using the procedures of inhibition of beta-carotene bleaching and ABTS' methods. The antioxidant effects of the extracts were compared with those of commercial antioxidants, such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisol (BHA) and alpha-tocopherol. The hexane extracts of D. dichofoma var. implexa had a higher phenolic content than the other extracts. The dichloromethane extract of S. lomentaria was found to be more active in the decolorization of ABTS(+) than the other extracts and generally the dichloromethane extracts were more active than the methanol and hexane extracts. Antimicrobial activities of the extracts were assessed against Gram (+) and Grain (-) bacteria and one yeast strain by the disk diffusion method. According to the results, the dichloromethane extracts generally showed more potent antimicrobial activity than the methanol and hexane extracts at concentrations 1.5 and 1.0 mg/disk.Öğe Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot (Chlorophyta) Essential Oil and Extracts(Asian Journal Of Chemistry, 2009) Koz, F. Ferda Yilmaz; Yavasoglu, N. Ulku Karabay; Demirel, Zeliha; Sukatar, Atakan; Ozdemir, GuvenMacroalgae are rich sources of natural bioactive products. Their secondary metabolites are attracted attends in many fields of life i.e., food, animal feeding, textile. cosmetics. medicine etc. In this study, methanol, dichloromethane and hexane extracts of Codiurn firagile (Chlorophyta) were tested for antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Antioxidant effects were evaluated by hydroxyl radical scavenging assay (deoxyribose degradation assay) and P-carotene bleaching assay. The extracts indicated relatively little antioxidant activities, as compared to commercial antioxidants. The composition of the essential oil of C. firagile was also analyzed by GC and GGMS. Twenty four compounds were identified of C.fragile essential oil and n-tricosane (11.88%) was determined as major component. Essential oil of C.firagile showed weak antibacterial activity against all gram positive bacteria tested, except methicillin-oxacillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300. Similarly, all the extracts of C. fragile showed weak antimicrobial activity on tested organisms.Öğe Biochemical Analysis of Some Brown Seaweeds from the Aegean Sea(2012) Demirel, Zeliha; Yıldırım, Zeynep Derya; Kızılkaya, İnci Tüney; Kesici, Kutsal; Sukatar, Atakan…Öğe Biochemobrionic: A novel functional bioactive and biomimetic material for bioengineering applications(Elsevier, 2023) Guler, Bahar Aslanbay; Demirel, Zeliha; Imamoglu, EsraFrom bioengineering perspective, integration of biological/organic compounds into the chemobrionic structures hold great promise for obtaining functional materials. The present study aimed to development of bioactive and biomimetic material by the incorporation of Arthrospira platensis microalgae into chemobrionics. The developed material, which will be called biochemobrionic, was constructed by the controlled injection of microalgaecontaining magnesium/calcium solution into silicate/phosphate solution. Incorporation of microalgal biomass and extract was confirmed by several characterization analysis. Furthermore, it was proven that incorporation of A. platensis extract improved the mechanical strength of the chemobrionics. Finally, cytotoxicity, biodegradability, and antioxidant activity assays were performed to explore the potential of extract-incorporated biochemobrionics as bioactive materials. Results showed that chemobrionic and biochemobrionic materials did not show remarkable cytotoxicity and integration of microalgal extract exhibited antioxidant activity at considerable levels. According to the findings, incorporation of microalgal product into chemobrionics may expand the scope of these structures and open new routes for potential application areas.Öğe Carotenoid and Fatty Acid Compositions of an Indigenous Ettlia texensis Isolate (Chlorophyceae) Under Phototrophic and Mixotrophic Conditions(Springer, 2014) Yildirim, Arzu; Demirel, Zeliha; Isleten-Hosoglu, Muge; Akgun, Ismail Hakki; Hatipoglu-Uslu, Sevde; Conk-Dalay, MeltemEttlia oleoabundance (formerly known as Neochloris oleoabundance) is an attractive candidate for biodiesel production because of its high lipid accumulation, and it's taking the majority of the attention among the strains of Ettlia genus; however, potential of the other genus members is unknown. An indigenous strain from Salda Lake (South West Turkey) identified by 18S rDNA sequencing as Ettlia texensis (GenBank accession no: JQ038221), and its fatty acid and carotenoid compositions under phototrophic and mixotrophic conditions was investigated to evaluate the potential of the strain for commercial uses. A threefold increase was observed in total lipid content (total fatty acids; from 13 % to 37 %) in mixotrophic culture respect to the phototrophic growth conditions. The oleic acid (C18: 1) and alpha-linolenic acid (18: 3) were the major unsaturated fatty acids accounting for 40% and 13.2% of total fatty acids in mixotrophic culture, respectively. Carotenoid analyses of the mixotrophic culture revealed the metabolite canthaxanthin, a commercially valuable carotenoid used mainly for food coloring, was the major constituent among other pigments. The possible use of E. texensis in biotechnological applications is discussed.Öğe Carotenoid Profile in Prochlorococcus sp and Enrichment of Lutein Using Different Nitrogen Sources(Springer, 2016) Erdogan, Aysegul; Demirel, Zeliha; Eroglu, Ahmet E.; Dalay, Meltem ConkVarious carotenoids of the cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus sp. are identified using chromatographic/spectroscopic techniques and quantified using HPLC-DAD. In the present study, beta-apo-8'-carotenal was used as internal standard. Identification of carotenoids was carried out by comparing the retention time, absorption spectra, and mass spectra of unknown peaks with reference standards. All-trans-lutein was found to be the major carotenoid in this cyanobacterium, and, therefore, algal productivity and the potential for lutein accumulation were analyzed as a function of different nitrogen sources such as nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, and urea for cultivation. Among them, urea clearly led to the best lutein accumulation. According to the experimental evidence, lutein increased from 2.54 to 3.34 mg g(-1) in the cyanobacteria when urea was used as the nitrogen source.Öğe Chlorella sorokiniana’ nın İzolasyonu, Moleküler Tanılanması, Fototrofik, Miksotrofik ve Heterotrofik Üretimi(2021) Bingül, Döndü Yalçın; Demirel, Zeliha; Dalay, Meltem Conkİzmir’in Gümüldür bölgesinden alınan su örneğinde, seyreltme ve dökme plaka yöntemleri kullanılarak mikroalg izolasyonu yapılmıştır. Işık mikroskobuyla morfolojik olarak değerlendirilen türün Chlorella sp. olduğu saptanmıştır. Moleküler yöntemlerle mikroalg DNA’sı izole edilerek 16S ve 18S rRNA gen bölgeleri PCR’da çoğaltılmıştır. Bu dizinin sekanslanması ve filogenetik olarak değerlendirilmesi sonucu Chlorella sorokiniana olduğu belirlenmiştir. Aksenik C. sorokiniana elde etmek için santrifüj ile yıkama, antibiyotik ile muamele, agar ortamında büyütme ve tek hücre izolasyonu gibi farklı yöntemler kullanılarak aksenikleştirme işleminden başarılı sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. Fototrofik C. sorokiniana’ dan elde edilen biyokütle (0,19 g L-1) ve spesifik büyüme hızı (0,78 gün-1), miksotrofik C. sorokiniana’ dan elde edilen biyokütle (0,31 g L-1) ve spesifik büyüme hızı(1,3 gün-1), heterotrofik C. sorokiniana’ dan elde edilen biyokütle (0,6 g L-1) ve spesifik büyüme hızı (2,52 gün-1) olarak belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre aksenik mikroalg C. sorokiniana’ nın farklı üretim koşullarındaki biyokütle verimliliği şu şeklide sıralanabilir: heterotrofi>miksotrofi>fototrofi.Öğe Comparative Evaluation of Chemical Garden Growth Techniques(Amer Chemical Soc, 2023) Aslanbay Güler, Bahar; Demirel, Zeliha; Imamoglu, EsraChemical gardens are an exciting area of self-organized precipitation structures that form nano- and micro-sized structures in different shapes. This field has attracted great interest from researchers due to the specific characteristics and potential applications of these structures. Today, research on chemical gardens has provided deeper information regarding the formation mechanisms of these structures, and several techniques have been developed for chemical garden growth. However, they all show different growth patterns and lead to the formation of structures with a variety of morphological, chemical, or physical properties. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different production techniques on chemical garden growth, taking into consideration the growth patterns, morphology, microstructure, and chemical composition. The chemical garden structures obtained in seed and injection experiments, two common methods, showed highly similar surface structures, void formation, and chemical composition. The membrane growth method has a small number of applications; thus, it was comprehensively evaluated to add new insights to the existing limited data. It produced the most stable and standard structures in a flat sheet-like shape and showed different morphologies than those observed in other two methods. Overall, this study presented significant results about the effect of growth techniques on chemical garden structures and similar systems.Öğe Comparison of different photobioreactor configurations and empirical computational fluid dynamics simulation for fucoxanthin production(Elsevier Science Bv, 2019) Guler, Bahar Aslanbay; Deniz, Irem; Demirel, Zeliha; Oncel, Suphi S.; Imamoglu, EsraMicroalgae production in culture systems has been a topic of intense study for a long time. Optimization of cultivation conditions and design parameters of photobioreactors are essential for the development of economically and technically feasible algae technologies. the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of different photobioreactor (PBR) configurations on biomass and fucoxanthin production from Phaeodactylum tricornutum and to examine culture conditions by using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation for the photobioreactor having the maximum yield. the cells were first cultivated in three different PBRs (flat plate, airlift and stirred tank) and the maximum cell concentration of 5.94 +/- 0.12 x 10(7) cells/ml was obtained in flat plate PBR. Also, highest fucoxanthin amount was found in the same PBR with the value of 2.43 +/- 0.23 mg g(-1). Flat plate PBR was simulated using CFD and the obtained results were used to evaluate mixing efficiency, flow dynamics and velocity fields. the extent of mixing was found sufficient to achieve homogenous culture medium and mean turbulent kinetic energy field suggested a homogeneous dissipation, also higher intensities of turbulence were observed around the nozzles and at the liquid-gas interphase. However, dead zones and vortex formations were observed in a small proportion of PBR. For further researches, assembling mixers or baffles into the PBR may be a feasible and effective method to improve the mixing efficiency and to prevent hydrodynamic problems. It was shown that the result of cultivation experiment had good agreement with that of CFD prediction.Öğe The comparison of the roles of total phenolic compounds against UV-A stress between two macro algae Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyta) and Patelonia sp (Phaeophyta)(Current Biology Ltd, 2011) Tuney, Inci; Unal, Dilek; Demirel, Zeliha; Sukatar, AtakanÖğe Comprehensive Analysis of Lutein and Loroxanthin in Scenedesmus obliquus: From Quantification to Isolation(Mdpi, 2024) Erdogan, Aysegul; Karatas, Ayca Busra; Demir, Dilan; Demirel, Zeliha; Akturk, Merve; Copur, Oyku; Cagir, AliCarotenoids are hydrophobic pigments produced exclusively by plants, fungi, and specific microbes. Microalgae are well suited for the production of valuable carotenoids due to their rapid growth, efficient isoprenoid production pathway, and ability to store these compounds within their cells. The possible markets for bio-products range from feed additives in aquaculture and agriculture to pharmaceutical uses. The production of carotenoids in microalgae is affected by several environmental conditions, which can be utilized to enhance productivity. The current study focused on optimizing the extraction parameters (time, temperature, and extraction number) to maximize the yield of carotenoids. Additionally, the impact of various nitrogen sources (ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, and urea) on the production of lutein and loroxanthin in Scenedesmus obliquus was examined. To isolate the carotenoids, 0.20 g of biomass was added to 0.20 g of CaCO3 and 10.0 mL of ethanol solution containing 0.01% (w/v) pyrogallol. Subsequently, the extraction was performed using an ultrasonic bath for a duration of 10 min at a temperature of 30 degrees C. This was followed by a four-hour saponification process using a 10% methanolic KOH solution. The concentration of lutein and loroxanthin was measured using HPLC-DAD at 446 nm, with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min using a Waters YMC C30 Carotenoid column (4.6 x 250 mm, 5 mu m). The confirmation of carotenoids after their isolation using preparative chromatography was achieved using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) probe and UV-vis spectroscopy. In summary, S. obliquus shows significant promise for the large-scale extraction of lutein and loroxanthin. The findings of this study provide strong support for the application of this technology to other species.Öğe Computational fluid dynamics modelling of stirred tank photobioreactor for Haematococcus pluvialis production: Hydrodynamics and mixing conditions(Elsevier, 2020) Guler, Bahar Aslanbay; Deniz, Irem; Demirel, Zeliha; Oncel, Suphi S.; Imamoglu, EsraAgitated photobioreactors (PBR) have been widespread for the cultivation of microalgae because of their advantages in mixing and mass transfer conditions. However, it is difficult to investigate the behaviors of cultivation broth flow with experimental procedures in these PBRs. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is a common method that has been used to simulate the performance of fluid containing systems in order to investigate the fluid flow, reduce the design cost and improve the efficiency. the objective of this study was to evaluate hydrodynamics and mixing conditions of stirred tank PBR for Haematococcus pluvialis production experimentally and numerically. the cells were first cultivated in a stirred tank PBR containing Rushton turbine impeller and the cell growth was examined during 10 days. At the end of cultivation, the cell concentration was reached the value of 3.1 +/- 0.1 x 10(5) cells mL(-1) with the total carotenoid content of 2.47 +/- 0.01 mg L-1. Then, the hydrodynamic analyses were conducted to evaluate the average velocity magnitude, turbulence properties and dead zone inside the PBR. the simulation results obtained from realizable k-epsilon turbulence model showed that the uniformity index of average velocity was found as 0.86. This result showed that the fluid flow showed similar behavior in the most parts of PBR except around the impellers. the velocity contours supported that the mixing conditions were supplied efficiently, however the vortex formation was observed around the impellers in spite of the baffles. in addition, the turbulence kinetic energy having a vital influence on mixing characteristics was found between the values of 1.0 x 10(-2) and 3.0 x 10(-2) m(2) s(-2) and the lowest values were observed between two impellers due to extent of mixing. Obtained results could be used to re-design PBR configurations considering the impeller type, the distance between impellers and cultivation conditions.Öğe Computational fluid dynamics simulation in scaling-up of airlift photobioreactor for astaxanthin production(Soc Bioscience Bioengineering Japan, 2020) Guler, Bahar Aslanbay; Deniz, Irem; Demirel, Zeliha; Imamoglu, EsraThe unicellular green microalga Haematococcus pluvialis accumulates large amounts of the red ketocarotenoid astaxanthin. Aiming to cultivate these microalgae with high astaxanthin efficiency, cultivations were scaled-up from 1000 mL bottle to 2 L and 8 L airlift photobioreactor using volumetric power consumption rate (W/m(3)) as scale up strategy. After cultivations, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation was used to investigate the flow patterns, mixing efficiency and gas holdup profile within the 2 L photobioreactor. At the end, astaxanthin content was enhanced with increasing the cultivation volume and highest astaxanthin amount of 49.39 +/- 1.64 mg/g cell was obtained in 8 L photobioreactor. Hydrodynamic characteristics of photobioreactor was simulated and gas holdup showed difference between the riser and the downcomer regions. Velocity profiles of air and medium had higher values inside the draft tube than obtained in downcomer region. However liquid circulation was achieved from draft tube to the downcomer, mixing was not provided effectively considering the turbulence kinetic energy. For the further research, some developments about column configuration, sparger diameter may be necessary to enhance the mixing characteristics. (C) 2019, the Society for Biotechnology, Japan. All rights reserved.Öğe The cultivation of Nitzchia communis in flat-plate photobioreactor and evaluation of different disruption techniques for lipid analysis(Elsevier Science Bv, 2014) Demirel, Zeliha; Imamoglu, Esra; Dalay, Meltem ConkÖğe Denizel kaynaklı biyoaktif bileşiklerin araştırılması:(Ege Üniversitesi, 2014) İmamoğlu, Esra; Conk Dalay, Meltem; Demirel, Zeliha; Turan, GamzeMacroalgae, microalgae and cyanobacteria isolation, Mediterranean, optimum conditions, preparation of extraction.;Makroalgler, mikroalgler ve siyanobakteri izolasyonu, Akdeniz, optimum koşullar, ekstre hazırlama.;MAREX (FP7) projesi kapsamında; endüstriel ve akademik partnerler arasında kurulan sıkı işbirliği ile denizlerden (Atlantik, Pasifik ve Hint okyanusu, Akdeniz, Baltık ve Arap denizi) temin edilecek, izole edilerek, sınıflandırılacak mikro ve makro algler, siyanobakteriler, deniz anemonları, tunikatlar ve balıkların içeriklerinde bulunan biyoaktif, terapatik ve endüstriyel önem taşıyabilecek maddelerin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu proje kapsamında, antikanser, anti-enflamatuvar, antiviral ve antikoagulant aktivitelere pek çok tarama yöntemi uygulanarak bakılacak, ayrıca ion kanal/reseptor modulasyonu ve bitki büyüme regulasyonu da incelenecektir. Bioaktif bileşiklerin kromatografik izolasyonunun ardından yapı tayinleri yapılacaktır. Projenin devamında, seçilen aktif maddelerin üretimi için biyolojik prosesler geliştirmek üzere optimizasyon çalışmaları yapılacak, amaca uygun biyosensörler geliştirilecektir. Bu projenin amacı, Avrupa'da deniz biyoteknolojisin endüsriyel gelişimini sağlamak ve bu endüstriye dayalı ürün geliştirilmesini desteklemektir. Ayrıca bu proje kapsamında yapılacak çalışmaların bilimsel literatüre katkı sağlayarak deniz biyoteknolojisi kaynaklı ürünler konusunda toplumsal bilincin gelişimine destek olacağı düşünülmektedir. Sonuç olarak MAREX projesinin beklenen katkısı, Avrupa endüstrisinde, farmasötik, nurasötik, kozmetik, agrokimyasal, gıda işleme, biyomateryal ve biyosensör uygulamalarında kullanılmak üzere yeni deniz kaynaklı maddeler bularak ürün çeşitliliğine katkı sağlamasıdır.Öğe Development of a Controlled Injection Method Using Support Templates for the Production of Chemobrionic Materials(Amer Chemical Soc, 2022) Guler, Bahar Aslanbay; Demirel, Zeliha; Imamoglu, EsraChemobrionics is a research field about the well-known self-organized inorganic structures. Numerous research works have focused on controlling their growth pattern and characteristic features. In the present study, a controlled injection method is proposed to produce more regular self-assembled chemobrionics compared to the standard direct injection technique. This method involves the injection of a metal salt solution into an agarose support template filled with an anionic solution. The obtained structures were studied by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. Despite the complex mechanism and chemistry underlying the self-organization phenomena, the controlled injection method enabled the generation of regular standard chemobrionic structures with high experimental reproducibility. It provided the extraction of tubular structures from the reaction vessel without breakage, thus allowing comprehensive characterization. Furthermore, the morphological, chemical, and thermal features of these structures were highly correlated with the standard chemobrionics obtained in the direct injection method. The proposed controlled injection method holds great promise for understanding and controlling the properties of chemobrionics and related structures.
