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Analysing visual pattern of skin temperature during submaximal and maximal exercises
(Elsevier, 2016) Balci, Gorkem Aybars; Basaran, Tahsin; Colakoglu, Muzaffer
Aims of this study were to examine our hypotheses assuming that (a) skin temperature patterns would differ between submaximal exercise (SE) and graded maximal exercise test (GXT) and (b) thermal kinetics of T-skin occurring in SE and GXT might be similar in a homogenous cohort. Core temperature (T-core) also observed in order to evaluate thermoregulatory responses to SE and GXT. Eleven moderately to well-trained male athletes were volunteered for the study (age: 22.2 +/- 3.7 years; body mass: 73.8 +/- 6.9 kg; height: 181 +/- 6.3 cm; body surface area 1.93 +/- 0.1 m(2); body fat: 12.6% +/- 4.2%; VO2max: 54 +/- 9.9 mL min(-1) kg(-1)). Under stabilized environmental conditions in climatic chamber, GXT to volitional exhaustion and 20-min SE at 60% of VO2max were performed on cycle ergometer. Thermal analyses were conducted in 2-min intervals throughout exercise tests. T-skin was monitored by a thermal camera, while T-core was recorded via an ingestible telemetric temperature sensor. Thermal kinetic analyses showed that T-skin gradually decreased till the 7.58 +/- 1.03th minutes, and then initiated to increase till the end of SE (Rsqr = 0.97), while T-skin gradually decreased throughout the GXT (Rsqr = 0.89). Decrease in the level of T-skin during the GXT was significantly below from the SE [F (4, 40) = 2.67, p = 0.07, eta(2)(p) = 0.211]. In the meantime, T-core continuously increased throughout the SE and GXT (p < 0.05). Both GXT and SE were terminated at very close final T-core values (37.8 +/- 0.3 degrees C and 38.0 +/- 0.3 degrees C, respectively; p > 0.05). However, total heat energies were calculated as 261.51(kJ/m(2) and 416 kJ/m(2) for GXT and SE, respectively (p < 0.05). Thus, it seems that SE may be more advantageous than GXT in thermoregulation. In conclusion, T-core gradually increased throughout maximal and submaximal exercises as expected. T-skin curves patterns found to be associated amongst participants at both GXT and SE. Therefore, T-skin kinetics may ensure an important data for monitoring thermoregulation in exercise. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Analysis of Physical Activity Intensity, Alexithymia, and the COMT Val 158 Met Gene Polymorphism
(Kamla-Raj Enterprises, 2014) Zekioglu, Aylin; Cam, Fethi Sirri; Mutluturk, Neyzat; Berdeli, Afig; Colakoglu, Muzaffer
The researchers investigated the relationship between intense training, the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val108/158Met gene polymorphism, and alexithymia. Eighteen female and 77 male athletes were included. The Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS) questionnaire and polymerase chain reaction method were used to evaluate alexithymia and the COMT gene Val108/158Met polymorphism,. respectively. Fifteen (15.8%) subjects were evaluated as alexithymic and 80 (84.2%) were non-alexithymic according to the TAS. The COMT Val108/158 Met gene polymorphism frequencies were as follows: 17.9% Met/Met, 50.5% Val/Met, and 31.6% Val/Val. No difference were observed among training intensity, the COMT Val108/158 Met gene polymorphism, and alexithymia(p > 0.05). However, 60% of the alexithymic subjects trained intensively and only 6.7% trained lightly. Intensive and light training rates for non-alexithymic athletes were 46.3% and 20%, respectively. The Val/Val and Met/Met genotyping rates for athletes engaged in intensive training were 32.6% and 29.3%. In conclusion, no significant relationship was observed among TAS scores, the COMT gene polymorphism, and training intensity.
Associations between Thermal and Physiological Responses of Human Body during Exercise
(Mdpi, 2017) Zora, Suleyman; Balci, Gorkem Aybars; Colakoglu, Muzaffer; Basaran, Tahsin
In this study, thermal behaviours of the athletes were investigated with respect to thermal comfort and exercise intensity. The relationship between an index for analysing thermal comfort (Predicted Mean Vote: PMV) and Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) which shows exercise intensity and exhaustion level was evaluated. Eleven moderately trained male athletes (V) over dotO(2max) 54 +/- 9.9 mL.min(-1).kg(-1)) had volunteered for the study (age: 22.2 +/- 3.7 years; body mass: 73.8 +/- 6.9 kg; height: 181 +/- 6.3 cm; Body surface area (BSA): 1.93 +/- 0.1 m(2); body fat: 12.6% +/- 4.2%; (V) over dotO(2max): 54 +/- 9.9 mL.min(-1).kg(-1)). Experiments were carried out by using a cycle ergometer in an air-conditioned test chamber which provided fresh air and had the ability to control the temperature and relative humidity. The study cohort was divided into two groups according to maximal oxygen consumption levels of the participants. Statistical analyses were conducted with the whole study cohort as well as the two separated groups. There was a moderate correlation between PMV and RPE for whole cohort (r: -0.51). When the whole cohort divided as low and high aerobic power groups, an average correlation coefficient at high oxygen consumption cohort decreased to r: -0.21, while the average correlation coefficient at low oxygen consumption cohort increased to r: -0.77. In conclusion, PMV and RPE have a high correlation in less trained participants, but not in the more trained ones. The case may bring to mind that thermal distribution may be better in high aerobic power group in spite of high RPE and thus the relation between PMV and RPE is affected by exercise performance status.
Development potentials of commonly used high-intensity training strategies on central and peripheral components of maximal oxygen consumption
(Elsevier, 2022) Balci, Gorkem Aybars; As, Hakan; Ozkaya, Ozgur; Colakoglu, Muzaffer
The aim of this study was to reveal the development potentials of five high-intensity training models on central and peripheral components of maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). Following VO2max determination, maximal cardiac output (Q(max)), maximal stroke volume (SVmax), and maximal arteriovenous O-2 difference (a-vO(2diff_max)) were analysed. Short-interval-(short-HIIT), long-interval (long-HIIT), alternating work-rate continuous (alter-HIT), constant work-rate continuous (const-HIT), and sprint interval (SIT) sessions were per-formed on separate days with iso-effort and iso-time methods. Time spent (t(spent)) at > 95% of VO2max was the highest in long-HIIT (p < 0.05). The t(spent) at > 90% of Qmax was higher in alter-HIT than long-HIIT and SIT (p < 0.05), while there was no significant difference for t(spent) at > 90% of SVmax amongst high-intensity trainings. The t(spent) at > 90% of a-vO(2diff_max) was higher in short-HIIT and long-HIIT than other modalities (p < 0.05). It can be said that continuous modalities seem to have a higher potential to improve central part of VO2max, while interval modalities may be better to develop peripheral component.
Effects of a Dynamic Warm-Up, Static Stretching or Static Stretching with Tendon Vibration on Vertical Jump Performance and EMG Responses
(Acad Physical Education-Katowice, 2013) Yapicioglu, Bulent; Colakoglu, Muzaffer; Colakoglu, Zafer; Gulluoglu, Halil; Bademkiran, Fikret; Ozkaya, Ozgur
The purpose of this study was to investigate the short-term effects of static stretching, with vibration given directly over Achilles tendon, on electro-myographic (EMG) responses and vertical jump (VJ) performances. Fifteen male, college athletes voluntarily participated in this study (n=15; age: 22 +/- 4 years old; body height: 181 +/- 10 cm; body mass: 74 +/- 11 kg). All stages were completed within 90 minutes for each participant. Tendon vibration bouts lasted 30 seconds at 50 Hz for each volunteer. EMG analysis for peripheral silent period, H-reflex, H-reflex threshold, T-reflex and H/M ratio were completed for each experimental phases. EMG data were obtained from the soleus muscle in response to electro stimulation on the popliteal post tibial nerve. As expected, the dynamic warm-up (DW) increased VJ performances (p=0.004). Increased VJ performances after the DW were not statistically substantiated by the EMG findings. In addition, EMG results did not indicate that either static stretching (SS) or tendon vibration combined with static stretching (TVSS) had any detrimental or facilitation effect on vertical jump performances. In conclusion, using TVSS does not seem to facilitate warm-up effects before explosive performance.
Effects of ribose supplementation on anaerobic performance, plasma pH, lactate, ammonia and inorganic phosphate levels
(Ios Press, 2012) Yaman, Meltem; Colakoglu, Muzaffer; Turgay, Faruk; Ozkol, Zeki; Aksit, Tolga; Ozkaya, Ozgur; Yapicioglu, Bulent
The purpose of this study was to estimate the effects of ribose supplementation on interval anaerobic performance and fatiguing substance concentrations. The study cohort consisted of physically active, young male volunteers (n = 15). With a double-blind cross over study design, each participant completed two all-out anaerobic exercise sessions, one week apart, one by supplementing maltodextrine and the other by supplementing ribose (150 mg/kg in each test). Two repetitions of 30-s maximal performance with a 4-min interval were completed. Blood samples were taken at rest and five minutes after the second sprint repetition. Neither the biochemical parameters: pH (-0.32 +/- 0.09 vs. -0.26 +/- 0.11), lactate (La) (13.8 +/- 1.9 vs. 13.3 +/- 2.7 mM, ammonia (423 +/- 190 vs. 404 +/- 166 mu mol/L), inorganic phosphate (Pi) (0.68 +/- 0.53 vs. 0.72 +/- 0.63 mM) nor the anaerobic output (746.2 +/- 82.5 vs. 760.2 +/- 86.8 watts) were affected by placebo and ribose supplementations significantly (p > 0.05). In conclusion, based on this protocol, anaerobic performance and/or biochemical status are not affected by ribose supplementation.
An Elliptical Trainer May Render the Wingate All-out Test More Anaerobic
(Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014) Ozkaya, Ozgur; Colakoglu, Muzaffer; Kuzucu, Erinc O.; Delextrat, Anne
Ozkaya, O, Colakoglu, M, Kuzucu, EO, and Delextrat, A. An elliptical trainer may render the wingate all-out test more anaerobic. J Strength Cond Res 28(3): 643-650, 2014-The purpose of this study was to evaluate the contribution of the 3 main energy pathways during a 30-second elliptical all-out test (EAT) compared with the Wingate all-out test (WAT). Participants were 12 male team sport players (age, 20.3 +/- 1.8 years; body mass, 74.8 +/- 12.4 kg; height, 176.0 +/- 9.10 cm; body fat, 12.1 +/- 1.0%). Net energy outputs from the oxidative, phospholytic, and glycolytic energy systems were calculated from oxygen uptake data recorded during 30-second test, the fast component of postexercise oxygen uptake kinetics, and peak blood lactate concentration, respectively. In addition, mechanical power indices were calculated. The main results showed that compared with WAT, EAT was characterized by significantly lower absolute and relative contributions of the oxidative system (16.9 +/- 2.5 J vs. 19.8 +/- 4.9 J; p <= 0.05 and 11.2 +/- 1.5% vs. 15.7 +/- 3.28%; p <= 0.001). In addition, significantly greater absolute and relative contributions of the phospholytic system (66.1 +/- 15.8 J vs. 50.7 +/- 15.9 J; p <= 0.01 and 43.8 +/- 6.62% vs. 39.1 +/- 6.87%; p <= 0.05) and a significantly greater absolute contribution of the glycolytic system (68.6 +/- 18.4 J vs. 57.4 +/- 13.7 J; p <= 0.01) were observed in EAT compared with WAT. Finally, all power indices, except the fatigue index, were significantly greater in EAT than WAT (p <= 0.05). Because of the significantly lower aerobic contribution in EAT compared with WAT, elliptical trainers may be a good alternative to cycle ergometers to assess anaerobic performance in athletes involved in whole-body activities.
Estimation of Heat Production Rate using Thermal Data During Exercise in Indoor Environments: A Study of Heat Storage Rate in Male Athletes
(Springer, 2024) Balci, Gorkem Aybars; Avci, Ali Berkay; Colakoglu, Muzaffer; Basaran, Tahsin
The increasing preference for indoor exercise spaces highlights the relationship between indoor thermal environments and physiological responses, particularly concerning thermal comfort during physical activity. Determining the metabolic heat production rate during exercise is essential for optimizing the thermal comfort, well-being, and performance of individuals engaged in physical activities. This value can be determined during the activity using several methods, including direct calorimetry measurement, indirect calorimetry that uses analysis of respiratory gases, or approximations using collected data such as speed, body mass, and heart rate. The study aimed to calculate the metabolic heat production rate by infrared thermal evaluation (ITE) based on the body's thermal balance approach and compare it with the values determined by indirect calorimetry (IC). Fourteen participants volunteered for the study, using a cycling ergometer in a controlled climatic chamber. After the familiarization sessions, maximal O-2 intake levels (VO2max) were determined through maximal graded exercise tests. Subsequently, constant work rate exercise tests were performed at 60% of VO2max for 20 min. The metabolic heat production rates were calculated by IC and ITE for each athlete individually. Respiratory gases were used to determine IC, while body skin and core temperatures, along with physical environmental data, were applied to calculate ITE using the human body thermal balance approximation of ASHRAE. According to the results, heat storage rates were misleading among the body's heat transfer modes, particularly during the first 8 min of the exercise. ITE showed a moderate level of correlation with IC (r: 0.03-0.86) with a higher level of dispersion relative to the mean (CV%: 12-84%). Therefore, a new equation (ITEnew) for the heat storage rates was proposed using the experimental data from this study. The results showed that ITEnew provided more precise estimations for the entire exercise period (p > 0.05). Correlations between ITEnew and IC values were consistently strong throughout the exercise period (r: 0.62-0.85). It can be suggested that ITEnew values can predict IC during the constant work rate steady-state exercise.
The importance of the verification phase following an incremental exercise to ensure maximum oxygen consumption
(Edizioni Minerva Medica, 2020) Colakoglu, Muzaffer; Ozkaya, Ozgur; Balci, Gorkem A.
BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to analyze cardiac output (Qc), stroke volume (SV), heart rate (HR), and arterio-venous O-2 difference (a-vO(2diff)) responses throughout a graded exercise test (GXT) and verification phase (VP) to examine whether SV decrement during the GXT is a main factor for underestimation of the maximal O-2 uptake ((V) over dot(2max)), or not. METHODS: Seven well-trained male cyclists volunteered for this study ((V) over dot(2max): 61.7 +/- 6.13 mL.min(-1).kg(-1)). Following submaximal tests, participants were asked to perform GXT until exhaustion. Then, multise.s.sion verifications were performed on different days using +/- 3% constant work rates. The highest 30-second mean of ((V) over dot(2max)) was considered as the ((V) over dot(2max)) and corresponding external power as peak power output (PPO). The Qc, SV, HR, and a-vO(2diff) responses were evaluated at both GXT and VPby nitrous-oxide rebreathing method. After repeated-measures analyses, possible significant differences were investigated by LSD/Wilcoxon. RESULTS: It was shown that the HR and a-vO(2diff) reached their potentially highest values at the end of the both GXT and VP (192.9 +/- 8.8 vs. 190.7 +/- 7.9 bpm; 17.1 +/- 1.6 vs. 16.9 +/- 1.1%, respectively; P>0.05); however, SV (128.8 +/- 11.2 vs. 137.3 +/- 11.2 mL; P4.029) and Qc (24.8 +/- 2.02 vs. 26.2 +/- 2.71 L.min(-1); P-0.046) were lower at GXT when compared to the VP. VO2 means were, therefore. higher in VP when compared to the GXT (61.7 +/- 6.13 vs. 59.1 +/- 6.2 mL.min(-1).kg(-1); P=0.041). CONCLUSIONS: The GXT provided only a peak ((V) over dot(2) but not the ((V) over dot(2max)). Consequently, the real ((V) over dot(2max)) and PPO could be provided by only VP administrations. This is likely to result from the lower Qc and SV responses observed from a prolonged incremental test protocol when compared to short bouts of constant work rate trials.
Moderate Intensity Intermittent Exercise Modality May Prevent Cardiovascular Drift
(Mdpi, 2018) Colakoglu, Muzaffer; Ozkaya, Ozgur; Balci, Gorkem Aybars
Cardiovascular drift (CV-Drift) may occur after the 10th min of submaximal continuous exercising. The purpose of this study was to examine whether CV-Drift is prevented by an intermittent exercise modality, instead of a continuous exercise. Seven well-trained male cyclists volunteered to take part in the study O-2max, while intermittent exercises consisted of three 10 min with 1:0.5 workout/recovery ratios at the same intensity. Qc measurements were taken at the 5th, 9th, 12nd, 15th, 20th, 25th, and 30th min of continuous exercises versus 5th and 10th min of workout phases of intermittent exercise modality. Greater than a 5% SV decrement, with accompanying HR, increase, while Qc remained stable and was accepted as CV-Drift criterion. It was demonstrated that there were greater SV responses throughout intermittent exercises when compared to continuous exercises (138.9 +/- 17.9 vs. 144.5 +/- 14.6 mL, respectively; p 0.05) and less HR responses (140.1 +/- 14.8 vs. 135.2 +/- 11.6 bpm, respectively; p 0.05), while mean Qc responses were similar (19.4 +/- 2.1 vs. 19.4 +/- 1.5 L, respectively; p > 0.05). Moreover, the mean times spent at peak SV scores of exercise sessions were greater during intermittent exercise (1.5 vs. 10 min) (p < 0.001). In conclusion, intermittent exercises reduce CV-Drift risk and increases cardiac adaptation potentials of exercises with less physiological stress.
Personality Traits and DRD4, DAT1, 5-HT2A Gene Polymorphisms in Risky and Non Risky Sports Participation
(Ortadogu Ad Pres & Publ Co, 2010) Cam, Fethi Sirri; Colakoglu, Muzaffer; Tok, Serdar; Tok, Ismet; Kutlu, Necip; Berdeli, Afig
Objective: Relationships amongst Big Five personality traits and DRD4, DAT1 and 5-HT2A gene polymorphisms were investigated in 193 college students participating in risky and non-risky sports. Material and Methods: Personality traits were assessed by Five Factor Personality Inventory (FFPI) and gene polymorphisms were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction. Results: In order to examine whether signifant Big Five personality trait differences existed between DAT1 gene polimorphisms, independent sample t-test was used. Results showed that only Agreeableness dimension revealed significant difference indicating that individuals with non-10/10 genotype had higher agreeableness scores when compared to individuals with 10/10 genotype. ANOVA results showed that Big Five personality dimensions scores differed significantly amongst 5-HT2A genotypes. Individuals with CC genotype had lower emotional stability scores when compared to individuals with TC genotype, and CC genotype individuals had greater openness to experience scores when compared to TT genotype individuals. Openness to experience scores were also significantly different among DRD4 genotypes. Individuals with 11 genotype had greater openness to experience scores when compared to individuals with as genotype. No 5-HT2A and risky sport participation (RSP) interaction effect was found on emotional change score. Conclusion: DAT1 was not associated with RSP. It was concluded that DRD4 and 5-HT2A were not directly associated with RSP but may be used as indirect predictors of it.
Re-Evaluation of Old Findings on Stroke Volume Responses to Exercise and Recovery by Nitrous-Oxide Rebreathing
(De Gruyter Poland Sp Zoo, 2016) Colakoglu, Muzaffer; Ozkaya, Ozgur; Balci, Gorkem Aybars; Yapicioglu, Bulent
It is important to verify the old findings of Cumming (1972) and Goldberg and Shephard (1980) who showed that stroke volume (SV) may be higher during recovery rather than during exercise, in order to organize the number of intervals throughout training sessions. The purpose of this study was to re-evaluate individual SV responses to various upright cycling exercises using the nitrous-oxide rebreathing method. Nine moderate to well-trained male athletes volunteered to take part in the study (maximal O-2 uptake (VO2max): 60.2 +/- 7 mL.min(-1).kg(-1)). Workloads ranging from 40-100% of VO2max were applied to determine individual peak SV (SVpeak) response. Results showed that SV responses were higher during exercise compared to recovery in all exercise loads from 40-100% of VO2max. Mean SV responses to individual SVpeak loads were also higher during exercise compared to recovery (122.9 +/- 2.5 versus 105.3 +/- 5.93 mL). The highest SV responses to 10 min exercises of 40-70% of VO2max were obtained in the 5th or 7.5th min of each stage (p= 0.05). Meanwhile, during 5 min exercises between 80-100% of VO2max, peak SV responses were observed in the 3rd min of loading (p= 0.05). In conclusion, individual SVpeak levels encountered over wide exercise intensity ranges showed that SVpeak development may also be correlated to exercise intensity corresponding to individual SVpeak loads.
Relationship between ace genotype and short duration aerobic performance development
(Springer, 2006) Cerit, Mesut; Colakoglu, Muzaffer; Erdogan, Murat; Berdeli, Afig; Cam, Fethi Sirri
We have previously demonstrated that, ACE D allele may be related with a better performance in short duration aerobic endurance in a homogeneous cohort with similar training backgrounds. We aimed to study the variation in the short-duration aerobic performance development amongst ACE genotypes in response to identical training programs in homogeneous populations. The study group consisted of 186 male Caucasian non-elite Turkish army recruits. All subjects had undergone an identical training program with double training session per day and 6 days a week for 6 months. Performances for middle distance runs (2,400 m) were evaluated on an athletics track before and after the training period. ACE gene polymorphisms were studied by PCR analysis. The distribution of genotypes in the whole group was 16.7% II, n = 31; 46.2% ID, n = 86; 37.1% DD, n = 69. Subjects with ACE DD genotype had significantly higher enhancement than the ID (P < 0.01) and II (P < 0.05) genotype groups. Around 2,400 m performance enhancement ratios showed a linear trend as ACE DD > ACE ID > ACE II (P value for Pearson chi(2) = 0.461 and P value for linear by linear association = 0.001). ACE DD genotype seems to have an advantage in development in short-duration aerobic performance. This data in unison with the data that we have obtained from homogenous cohorts previously is considered as an existence of threshold for initiation of ACE I allele effectiveness in endurance performance. This threshold may be anywhere between 10 and 30 min with lasting maximal exercises.
Relationship between maximal stroke volume and lower boundary of severe exercise domain
(Edizioni Minerva Medica, 2020) Gures, Ali; Balci, Gorkem A.; Ozkaya, Ozgur; Hakan, A. S.; Colakoglu, Muzaffer
BACKGROUND: Minimal workload to elicit peak O-2 consumption (P-min(V) O-2peak) is accepted as sufficient exercise intensity to improve maximal O-2 consumption ((V) over dot O-2max), and stroke volume (SV) is the most important component of the (V) over dot O-2max. the aim of the study was to examine whether cyclists' maximal SV responses (SVmax) closely related to P-min(V) O-2peak, or not. METHODS: Ventilatory threshold (VT) was measured by incremental tests. Then, constant-load verifications were performed to reveal the (V) over dot O-2max. the SVmax was analysed by constant-load exercises performed in the range of 40% and 100% of (V) over dot O-2max. Cyclists' critical power (CP) was estimated based on the data obtained from four constant-load exhaustive tests. the P-min(V) O-2peak was accepted as the first work rate to elicit 5% closer (V) over dot O-2 responses to (V) over dot O-2max were attained. After repeated-measures analyses, possible significant differences investigated by LSD, and correlations were analysed by Pearson r. RESULTS: the CP means were significantly lower than the P-min(V) O-2peak (295.4 +/- 40.2 W vs. 306.7 +/- 49 W; P<0.05). Fractional usages of (V) over dot O-2max belonging to the CP and P-min(V) O-2peak corresponded to 92% and 96% of (V) over dot O-2max, respectively. Moreover, P-min(V) O-2peak was greater than the power output at SVmax (P-SVmax) (214.1 +/- 60 W; P<0.05). There were weak correlations between P-SVmax and P-min(V) O-2peak (r: 0.30), P-SVmax and CP (r: 0.24); however, there were moderate correlations between SVmax and P-min(V) O-2peak (r: 0.64), SVmax and the CP (r: 0.66). CONCLUSIONS: in conclusion, a greater value of SVmax may cause a significant performance gain by decreasing the gap between P-(V) over dot O-2max and P-min(V) O-2peak.
Stroke volume responses may be related to the gap between peak and maximal O-2 consumption
(Ios Press, 2016) Colakoglu, Muzaffer; Ozkaya, Ozgur; Balci, Gorkem Aybars; Yapicioglu, Bulent
BACKGROUND: Although several studies have focused on maximal O-2 uptake ((V) over dotO(2max)) measured by a verification phase following the determination of peak O-2 uptake ((V) over dotO(2peak)) by a graded exercise test, an explanation for the underlying mechanisms of the difference between (V) over dotO(2peak) and confirmed (V) over dotO(2max) is scant. OBJECTIVE: To explore the hypothesis that when the difference between (V) over dotO(2peak) and (V) over dotO(2max) (Delta(V) over dotO(2)) increases, the gap between peak stroke volume (SVpeak) and SV level corresponding to (V) over dotO(2peak) velocities (Delta SV) grows. METHODS: Nine moderately to well-trained male athletes ((V) over dotO(2max): 60.2 +/- 7 mL.min(-1).kg(-1)) volunteered to take part in the study. Following familiarization session, volunteers were asked to perform submaximal and maximal graded exercise tests. Then, constant-loading SVpeak tests (using wattages in a range from 40-100% of (V) over dotO(2peak)) and verification phase (using wattages corresponding with 100-110% of (V) over dotO(2peak)) were conducted in a climatic chamber. RESULTS: The Delta(V) over dotO(2) was well correlated with Delta SV (Pearson r = 0.89; p <= 0.001). The mean SVpeak of participants corresponded to 60.3 +/- 18% of (V) over dotO(2peak). (V) over dotO(2max) was significantly greater (11.2%) than (V) over dotO(2peak) (60.2 +/- 7 vs. 54.2 +/- 8.1 mL.min(-1).kg(-1)) (p <= 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: (V) over dotO(2peak) and (V) over dotO(2max) differences may be related to the gap between SVpeak and SV at (V) over dotO(2peak).
Wingate anaerobic testing with a modified electromagnetically braked elliptical trainer. Part I: Methodological considerations
(Ios Press, 2009) Ozkaya, Ozgur; Colakoglu, Muzaffer; Ozgonenel, Okan; Fowler, Dianne; Colakoglu, Sule; Tekat, Atilla
The aim of this study was to modify an elliptical trainer and determine a suitable test load with it in order to perform Wingate anaerobic testing (WAnTet). Modifications were made to an electromagnetically braked elliptical trainer. Study participants were forty-eight physically active male college athletes ( mean age 20 +/- 1 years). Two pilot studies (n = 8) were administered to determine electrical signalling errors and to select the range of potentially suitable test loads ( between 0.5 to 1.3 watt/kg). The 1.0 watt/kg WAnTet load was determined to be the most suitable for WAnTet applications amongst 0.8 to 1.1 watt/kg loads ( n = 40; p < 0.05). Test-retest results using the 1.0 watt/ kg load for peak power ( PP) ( 1477 +/- 258 and 1484 +/- 271 watts), average power (AP) ( 1134 +/- 209 and 1120 +/- 208 watts), fatigue index ratio (FI%) ( 49 +/- 10% and 49 +/- 10%) and change in lactate levels ( 12.6 +/- 1.7 and 12.4 +/- 2.1 mM) were highly correlated (r: 0.94, 0.94, 0.80 and 0.74, respectively; p < 0.001). An electromagnetically braked elliptical trainer may be used to measure anaerobic power and anaerobic capacity of athletes and may be substituted for the usual Wingate anaerobic test performed on a cycle ergometer.
Wingate anaerobic testing with a modified electromagnetically braked elliptical trainer. Part II: Physiological considerations
(Ios Press, 2009) Ozkaya, Ozgur; Colakoglu, Muzaffer; Fowler, Dianne; Kuzucu, O. Erinc; Colakoglu, Sule
The Wingate Anaerobic Test is the most common method used to evaluate explosive power and anaerobic capacity. The Wingate Anaerobic Test performed on an elliptical trainer (WAnTet) may be more accurate than the Wingate Anaerobic Test performed on a cycle ergometer (WAnTc) since larger muscle group recruitment with the WAnTet results in higher anaerobic output. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare peak power ( PP), average power (AP), fatigue index (FI%) and delta lactate responses (Delta La) between WAnTet and WAnTc in healthy male university athletes. In our test subjects, (n = 40; 21 +/- 2 years old), PP ( 1463 +/- 238 vs. 879 +/- 162 watts) and AP ( 1127 +/- 191 vs. 649 +/- 82 watts) for the WAnTet were higher when compared to the WAnTc ( p < 0.001). FI%s of WAnTet and WAnTc were similar ( 49.8 +/- 10.3% and 46.9 +/- 8.3%, respectively; p = 0.054) but. La values were higher for WAnTet than for WAnTc (12.9 +/- 1.7 mM vs. 9.2 +/- 1.5 mM, respectively; p < 0.001). Using an elliptical trainer, rather than a traditional cycle ergometer, results in a more accurate measure of anaerobic power when Wingate Anaerobic Testing is performed.

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