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Öğe Bond Strength of Different Dentin Bonding Systems to Fluorotic Enamel(Quintessence Publishing Co Inc, 2009) Ertugrul, Fahinur; Turkun, Murat; Turkun, L. Sebnem; Toman, Muhittin; Cal, EbruPurpose: The effect of three different bonding strategies on the shear bond strength of a resin composite to fluorotic enamel surfaces was investigated. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six noncarious extracted human molars with fluorosis and 36 without fluorosis were scraped clean from any remaining tissue, and then were divided into three subgroups according to the tested dentin bonding systems. The resin composite was bonded to the teeth using three different adhesive systems: Peak LC Bond with an etch-and-rinse technique (Ultradent Products), Peak LC Bond with a self-etching technique using Peak SE Primer (Ultradent Products), and Xeno V (Dentsply Caulk) using a one-bottle self-etching technique. Following the photopolymerization of the resin composites, thermocycling was performed 5000 times. Shear bond strengths were tested using the Shimadzu Universal Testing Machine until failure. The analysis of the fractured enamel surfaces was performed using an optical microscope (Nikon ECLIPSE ME 600) at 1OX and 1000X magnification, and the images were analyzed with an image analyzer (LUCIA 4.21). The data obtained were analyzed with two-way ANOVA and the Bonferroni test at a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: Mean shear bond strengths in MPa of the groups were: Peak LC Bond, self-etching, on fluorotic enamel 13.23 +/- 2.58 and on nonfluorotic enamel 17.81 +/- 2.90; Peak LC Bond, etch-and-rinse, on fluorotic enamel 16.77 +/- 2.32 and on nonfluorotic enamel 21.13 +/- 2.74; one-bottle self-etching Xeno V on fluorotic enamel 10.79 +/- 2.14 and on nonfluorotic enamel 14.58 +/- 2.99. Conclusion: Fluorosis adversely affected the bonding performance of all the bonding systems to enamel. The use of the etch-and-rinse dentin bonding technique produced higher bond strengths of the resin composite tested to fluorotic and nonfluorotic enamel compared to both self-etching techniques.Öğe Bond Strength of Different Dentin Bonding Systems to Fluorotic Enamel(Quintessence Publishing Co Inc, 2009) Ertugrul, Fahinur; Turkun, Murat; Turkun, L. Sebnem; Toman, Muhittin; Cal, EbruPurpose: The effect of three different bonding strategies on the shear bond strength of a resin composite to fluorotic enamel surfaces was investigated. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six noncarious extracted human molars with fluorosis and 36 without fluorosis were scraped clean from any remaining tissue, and then were divided into three subgroups according to the tested dentin bonding systems. The resin composite was bonded to the teeth using three different adhesive systems: Peak LC Bond with an etch-and-rinse technique (Ultradent Products), Peak LC Bond with a self-etching technique using Peak SE Primer (Ultradent Products), and Xeno V (Dentsply Caulk) using a one-bottle self-etching technique. Following the photopolymerization of the resin composites, thermocycling was performed 5000 times. Shear bond strengths were tested using the Shimadzu Universal Testing Machine until failure. The analysis of the fractured enamel surfaces was performed using an optical microscope (Nikon ECLIPSE ME 600) at 1OX and 1000X magnification, and the images were analyzed with an image analyzer (LUCIA 4.21). The data obtained were analyzed with two-way ANOVA and the Bonferroni test at a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: Mean shear bond strengths in MPa of the groups were: Peak LC Bond, self-etching, on fluorotic enamel 13.23 +/- 2.58 and on nonfluorotic enamel 17.81 +/- 2.90; Peak LC Bond, etch-and-rinse, on fluorotic enamel 16.77 +/- 2.32 and on nonfluorotic enamel 21.13 +/- 2.74; one-bottle self-etching Xeno V on fluorotic enamel 10.79 +/- 2.14 and on nonfluorotic enamel 14.58 +/- 2.99. Conclusion: Fluorosis adversely affected the bonding performance of all the bonding systems to enamel. The use of the etch-and-rinse dentin bonding technique produced higher bond strengths of the resin composite tested to fluorotic and nonfluorotic enamel compared to both self-etching techniques.Öğe Bond strength of glass-ceramics on the fluorosed enamel surfaces(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2008) Toman, Muhittin; Cal, Ebru; Turkun, Murat; Ertugrul, FahinurObjectives: Effect of different adhesive luting systems on the shear bond strength of IPS Empress 2 ceramic restorations to fluorosed enamel surface was investigated. Methods: Forty-eight ceramic discs (2 mm x 3 mm; IPS Empress 2) were fabricated. Twenty-four non-carious extracted human molar teeth with fluorosis and 24 without fluorosis were cleaned with pumice using a plastic brush and then they were divided into two main groups. The IPS Empress 2 ceramic discs were luted to the teeth of four subgroups with two different adhesive luting systems, Variolink 2/Excite DSC (etch-and-rinse)and Clearfil Esthetic Cement/ED Primer II (self-etch), thermocycling was performed 5000 times. Shear bond strengths were tested using Shimadzu Universal Testing Machine until failure. An optical microscope and image analyzer were used at 10x and 1000x magnification to analyze the surfaces for adhesive, cohesive and mixed failure percentages. Data was analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Tukey test at a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: Mean shear bond strength data of the groups in MPa were; Variolink 2/Excite DSC on fluorosed enamel: 18.3 +/- 3.08, Variolink 2/Excite DSC on non-fluorosed enamel: 18.79 +/- 2.65, Clearfil Esthetic Cement/ED Primer II on fluorosed enamel: 8.43 +/- 2.45, Clearfil Esthetic Cement/ED Primer II on non-fluorosed enamel: 13.53 +/- 1.68. Mixed failure was the most prevalent type of failure in moderate fluorosed and non-fluorosed teeth with etch-and-rinse dentin bonding system, and in fluorosed teeth with self-etch dentin bonding system. Conclusions: The use of an etch-and-rinse adhesive luting procedure produced higher bond strengths of glass-ceramics bonded to fluorosed and non-fluorosed enamel surfaces than the self-etch bonding system. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Bonding Effectiveness of Contemporary Materials in Luting Glass-Ceramic to Dentine: An in Vitro Study(Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd, 2021) Mutlu, Alev; Atay, Ayse; Cal, EbruAim: To evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) of resin cements, flowable composites, and a preheated composite in luting glass-ceramic to dentin. Materials and Methods: in total, 108 noncaries human third molar teeth embedded in acrylic blocks, grinded from the occlusal surfaces until dentin was exposed, and divided into 9 randomized groups (n = 12). in total, 108 ceramic samples prepared in disc shape (3mm x 3mm) from IPS e. max CAD (Ivoclar Vivadent) blocks. Four adhesive resin cements: Variolink Esthetic DC (Ivoclar Vivadent), G-CEM LinkForce (GC), Panavia V5 (Kuraray Noritake), Maxcem Elite Chroma (Kerr), and three flowable composites: G-ae nial Universal Flo (GC), Herculite XRV Ultra Flow (Kerr), Vertise Flow (Kerr), and one preheated composite: Enamel Plus HRI (Micerium) luted to the prepared occlusal surfaces of the teeth with total-etch, self-etch, and self-adhesive protocols. Then samples were thermocyled (5,000 cycles, 5-55 degrees C, dwell time 20 s). SBS test was performed in a universal testing machine (at 0.5 mm/min). Failure modes were examined under a stereomicroscope at x25 magnification. Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn-Bonferroni tests (alpha = 0.05). Results: There were statistically significant differences among material types (P < .05). Highest SBS values found in G-ae nial Universal Flo (15.43 5.67), and the lowest values obtained in Maxcem Elite Choroma (SA) (1.25 +/- 1.47). There were no significant differences between self-etch (Panavia V5, Maxcem Elite Choroma [SE]) and self-adhesive (Maxcem Elite Choroma [SA], Vertise Flow) protocols (P > .05). Conclusion: Flowable composites can be alternatives to resin cements when bonded with total-etch procedures. Bond strength of self-etch and self-adhesive applications is still to be developed.Öğe Color change of CAD-CAM materials and composite resin cements after thermocycling(Mosby-Elsevier, 2018) Gurdal, Isil; Atay, Ayse; Eichberger, Marlis; Cal, Ebru; Usumez, Aslihan; Stawarczyk, BognaStatement of problem. The color of resin cements and computer-aided-design and computeraided-manufacturing (CAD-CAM) restorations may change with aging. Purpose. The purpose of this in vitro study was to analyze the influence of thermocycling on the color of CAD-CAM materials with underlying resin cement. . Material and methods. Seven different CAD-CAM materials, composite resins and glass-ceramics were cut into 0.7-mm and 1.2-mm thicknesses (n=10) and cemented with a dual-polymerizing resin cement, a light-polymerizing resin cement, and a preheated composite resin (N=420). Color values were measured by using spectrophotometry. Specimens were subjected to thermocycling (5 degrees C and 55 degrees C; 5000 cycles). The measured color difference (Delta E) data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics. Normality of data distribution was tested by using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Three-way and 1-way ANOVA followed by the Scheffe post hoc test and unpaired 2-sample Student t test were computed to determine the significant differences among the tested parameters (alpha=.05). Results. Delta E values were significantly influenced by the CAD-CAM material (eta(2)(p)=0.85, P<.001) and the resin composite cement (eta(2)(p)=0.03, P=.003) but were not influenced by thickness (P=.179). Significant interactions were present among thickness, cement, and CAD-CAM materials (P<.001). Vita Suprinity and GC Cerasmart showed significantly the lowest Delta E values (P<.001). The highest Delta E values were observed for IPS Empress CAD. The dual-polymerizing resin cement showed significantly lower Delta E values than the preheated composite resin (P=.003). Conclusion. Restoration materials and composite resin cement types used for cementation influence the amount of color change due to aging.Öğe Cytotoxicity of Dental Implants: The Effects of Ultrastructural Elements(Quintessence Publishing Co Inc, 2017) Cal, Ebru; Cetintas, Vildan Bozok; Boyacioglu, Hayal; Guneri, PelinPurpose: In this in vitro study, the purpose was to assess the cytotoxicity profiles of seven commercial dental implant materials by using cell culture methods on an osteoblastic cell line. Materials and Methods: The microstructure of seven commercial dental implants (each given a letter code) was investigated via scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray analysis. Medium extracts were collected on the first and fifth days for each group and tested using MC3T3-E1 cell line. Cytotoxicity was evaluated with Xcelligance System and XTT reagent, and apoptosis was determined by Annexin-V staining. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's multiple range tests were used for statistical analyses. In all tests, P was set as .05. Results: ANOVA results disclosed that Ti (P = .001), Na (P = .001), Ca (P = .019), Al (P = .024), and P (P = .020) amounts were significantly different between test materials. Cytotoxicity and apoptosis analyses revealed that implant materials (C) and (E) were the materials with the lowest cell vitality and the highest apoptosis rates among the test materials. Phosphorus was the only element that presented the highest amount in C and E (14.23% and 12.29%, respectively) compared with the other implant materials tested. (F) and (G) had favorable results for all experiments. Conclusion: The results suggest that pure dental implant materials with a lower number of additional elements may possess fewer cytotoxic effects than the other implant materials tested in this study.Öğe Cytotoxicity of hard and soft denture lining materials(Japanese Soc Dental Materials Devices, 2012) Atay, Ayse; Cetintas, Vildan Bozok; Cal, Ebru; Kosova, Buket; Kesercioglu, Atilla; Guneri, PelinThe cytotoxicity of nine soft and hard lining materials (Mollosil Plus, Ufi Gel SC, Visco-gel, Molloplast-B, GC Tissue Conditioner, Vertex Rapid Simplified, GC Reline Hard, Vertex Self-Curing, Ufi Gel hard C) was evaluated using human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). Twelve disk samples per lining material were prepared and incubated for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. Cytotoxicity of each lining material's extract on cultured HGFs was measured using XTT assay. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, post hoc Dunnett's T3 and Bonferroni tests at a significance level of p<0.05. At all incubation periods, all the hard lining materials (Vertex-SC, GC Reline Hard, Vertex-RS, and Ufi Gel hard C) showed cell viability higher than 90%. Among the soft lining materials, although there were no significant differences in cell viability among the different incubation periods for each lining material (p>0.05), autopolymerized acrylic-based GC Tissue Conditioner showed significantly lower cell viability than the other soft lining materials at each incubation period. Among the hard lining materials, there were no significant differences both among the materials and across all incubation periods for each lining material (p>0.05). In conclusion, all soft and hard liners exhibited good biocompatibility regardless of incubation time, except for GC Tissue Conditioner.Öğe Effect of an antibacterial adhesive on the bond strength of three different luting resin composites(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2006) Cal, Ebru; Tuerkuen, L. Sebnem; Tuerkuen, Murat; Toman, Muhittin; Toksavul, SunaObjectives: Effect of a dentin adhesive system containing antibacterial monomer-MDPB (Clearfil Protect Bond) on the shear bond strength of all-ceramic-IPS Empress 2 restorations luted with three different dual-polymerizing systems (Variolink 2, RelyX ARC and Panavia F 2.0) to dentin was investigated. Methods: One hundred and eight all-ceramic discs (2X3 mm; IPS Empress 2) were fabricated and ultrasonically cleaned. The buccal surfaces of 108 non-carious extracted human premolars were flattened to expose dentin and subsequently polished with 600-grit wet silicon carbide paper. Three dual-polymerizing luting systems had test groups and control groups consisting of 18 samples each. For the test groups Clearfil Protect Bond was applied to the exposed dentin surfaces. Control groups received the original bonding procedures of each adhesive system. After the all-ceramic samples were luted to the teeth, thermocycling was performed 5000 times. Shear bond strengths were tested using Shimadzu Universal Testing Machine until failure. Analysis of fractured dentin surfaces were performed using Optical Microscope at X 10 and X 1000 magnifications and the images were analyzed with Image Analyzer. Data was analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni test at a significance [eve( of p<0.05. Results: Mean shear bond strength data of the groups in MPa were; Variolink: 20.45+/-4.75, Variolink+Clearfil Protect Bond: 29.32 +/- 2.37, RelyX ARC:18.82 +/- 3.19, RelyXARC+Clearfil Protect Bond: 25.58 +/- 4.05, Panavia F2.0:17.11 +/- 2.98, Panavia F 2.0+Clearfil Protect Bond: 24.40 +/- 7.46. Application of the antibacterial adhesive increased the shear bond strengths of all three dual-polymerizing systems to dentin (p=0.00). The surface analysis showed that most of the specimens showed the adhesive failure mode between the dentin and the composite luting agent interface. Conclusion: The antibacterial adhesive system Clearfil Protect Bond can be safety used to prevent the potential risk of complications resulting from bacterial. activity regardless of affecting the bond strength of IPS Empress 2 restorations luted with the dual-polimerizing systems used in this study. (C) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Effects of New Generation All-Ceramic and Provisional Materials on Fibroblast Cells(Wiley, 2019) Atay, Ayse; Gurdal, Isil; Cetintas, Vildan Bozok; Usumez, Aslihan; Cal, EbruPurpose The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of seven new-generation all-ceramic materials for CAD/CAM (Lava Ultimate [LU], VITA Mark II [VM], InCoris TZI [IC], IPS e.max CAD [EM], VITA Suprinity [VS], Cerasmart [CS], IPS Empress CAD [EC]) and six provisional materials (Protemp 4 [PT], Telio CAD [TC], CAD-Temp [CT], Telio Lab [TL], Temdent Classic [TD], Telio CS C&B [TS]) on L929 mouse fibroblast cells. Materials and Methods 24 disc-shaped specimens ( null = 5 mm, h = 2 mm) were prepared from each test material. Medium extracts were collected at the 1st, 3rd, and 7th days for each group and tested using the L929 cell line. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using XTT assay, and apoptosis was determined by Annexin-V/PI staining. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, Tukey's multiple comparison tests at a significance level of p < 0.05. Results The cell viability results among all-ceramic material groups after the 1st and 7th days of incubation periods showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). There were significant differences within the ceramic groups in different incubation periods regarding apoptosis rate (p < 0.05). Throughout the entire test period, LU and VM from the CAD/CAM all-ceramic materials and PT and TC from the provisional restoration materials showed cell viability higher than 90%. EC and TD showed the lowest cell viability and highest apoptosis rates in their own groups. For the provisional materials, there were significant differences in cell viability and apoptosis rate in all the incubation periods for each material (p < 0.05). Conclusions Although some new-generation CAD/CAM and provisional restoration materials display slight cytotoxicity values, the results are still within the reliable range, and they can safely be used in clinical conditions.Öğe EFFECTS OF SURFACE-FINISHING PROTOCOLS ON THE ROUGHNESS, COLOR CHANGE, AND TRANSLUCENCY OF DIFFERENT CERAMIC SYSTEMS(Mosby-Elsevier, 2014) Akar, Gulcan Coskun; Pekkan, Gurel; Cal, Ebru; Eskitascioglu, Gurcan; Ozcan, MutluStatement of problem. Surface-finishing protocols have a mechanical impact on ceramic surfaces that could eventually affect surface topography and light scattering. An optimum protocol is needed to avoid damaging the optical properties of ceramics. Purpose. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of different surface-finishing protocols on the surface roughness, color change, and translucency of ceramic and metal ceramic restorations. Material and methods. Standardized disk-shaped specimens (1.5 x 10 mm, n=128) were fabricated from 3 different ceramic core materials (aluminum oxide [Al2O3]-AL, zirconium oxide [ZrO2]-ZR, lithium disilicate [Li2Si2O5]-LIT), veneered (V) with dentin ceramics (n=32 per group), and placed in the following groups: ALV, ZRV, and LITV. The metal ceramic group acted as the control (n=32). Four different surface-finishing methods were tested. Airborne-particle abrasion with 50 mu m Al2O3, polishing with adjustment kit, polishing with adjustment kit plus diamond polishing paste, and autoglazing (n=8 subgroup) were applied on the veneering ceramics. The specimens were analyzed with a profilometer for surface roughness, and color change and translucency were measured with a clinical spectrophotometer. Statistical analyses were performed with 1-way ANOVA and the Tukey honest significant difference tests (alpha=.05). Results. Specimens treated with the airborne particle abrasion method showed significantly higher mean profilometer for surface roughness values in all groups (P<.05). The polishing with adjustment kit and autoglazing methods revealed statistically similar surface roughness values in all groups (P>.05). With the diamond polishing paste method, lower surface roughness values were achieved in the ZRV and metal ceramic groups acted as the control groups. Different surface-finishing methods affected the color change of the ceramic systems, except for ZRV. Surface-finishing protocols significantly affected the translucency values of the ALV, LITV, and metal ceramic groups (P<.05). Conclusions. No single surface-finishing protocol can be recommended to obtain the smoothest surface and the least color change without affecting translucency for the ceramics tested. The airborne-particle abrasion protocol created rougher surfaces and decreased translucency, and color change in zirconia was not affected by the finishing protocols.Öğe Glass-ceramics bonding in geriatric patients: comparison with young teeth(Wiley, 2017) Turk, Ayse Gozde; Cal, Ebru; Unal, Sena; Guneri, Pelin; Ulusoy, Mubin; Ozden, MeltemObjective: The aim of the study was to assess whether in geriatric patients, the shear bond strength (SBS) of glass-ceramics differed when compared to young controls. Background: In the need of aesthetic restorations for geriatric patients, reliable bonding of glass-ceramics should be accomplished; however, glass-ceramics bonding on aged tooth structures is still unclear. Materials and methods: Sixty extracted molars from young and geriatric patients [18-25 (Y), and 65-80 (O)] were cut buccolingually to prepare enamel (E) and dentin (D) surfaces. Both surfaces were randomly divided into three groups according to the resin cements: Variolink II (V); Superbond (S); and Clearfil Esthetic Cement (C) (n = 10). Disc-shaped glass-ceramics (IPS E-max Press) (n = 120) were prepared. Specimens were bonded and subjected to thermocycling. SBS test was performed using a universal testing machine (0.5 mm/min). After debonding, the surfaces were examined using stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope. Data were statistically analysed with Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Levene, anova and Bonferroni tests (p = 0.05). Results: There were no significant differences between the old and young teeth surfaces. V showed the highest SBS [MPa(SD)] on both enamel and dentin [36.7 (6.5) (YE), 23.2 (13.2) (YD), 32.1 (16.2) (OE), 25.5 (8.6) (OD), respectively]. Significant differences were observed between resin cements (p < 0.05). The failure types were 43% adhesive between tooth and cement, 48% mix, 9% adhesive between cement and ceramic, regardless of cement type. Conclusion: In geriatric patients, the shear bond strength of glass-ceramics did not differ when compared to that of young controls. On the dentin surface, etch-rinse resin cements appear to be more appropriate for glass-ceramics bonding.Öğe Influence of fluoride- or triclosan-based desensitizing agents on adhesion of resin cements to dentin(Springer Heidelberg, 2010) Dundar, Mine; Cal, Ebru; Gokce, Bulent; Turkun, Murat; Ozcan, MutluEffect of desensitizers on the bond strength of resin cements to dentin was evaluated. Intact premolars (N=90) were embedded in polymethyl methacrylate; dentin surfaces were exposed, and they were randomly divided into two main groups of cements (Duolink (D), Variolink II (V); n=45 per group) and then into three desensitizer subgroups (n=15 per subgroup). Teeth in controls (C) were treated according to cements' adhesion protocols; the other two groups received either fluoride[Aqua-Prep F (F)] or triclosan-based [Seal&Protect (T)] desensitizers. Ceramic disks (Empress 2) were adhered; specimens were thermocycled (x5,000 cycles, 5-55 +/- 1 degrees C, dwell time 30 s) and subjected to shear bond strength test (MPa +/- SD) in a universal testing machine (crosshead speed 1 mm/min). Failure types were classified using scanning electron microscope. For V, application of both desensitizers (29.6 +/- 7.8 and 22.8 +/- 2.8 for F and T, respectively) did not present significantly different results than that of the VC (21.2 +/- 2.3; p>0.05, one-way ANOVA). In D, F (20.6 +/- 2.4) showed significantly higher results (p<0.05) than those in T (16.1 +/- 3.9) and DC group (15.2 +/- 2.3). V showed significantly higher results than D (p<0.05, Bonferroni). F and T did not negatively affect the bond strength results with D and V. Adhesive failures were more frequent with both T (84%) and F (66%) in D; cohesive failures in the cement (88%) were more commonly observed with F in V. Both F and T desensitizers can be safely used prior to final cementation but F in combination with V seems to be more reliable, considering both the bond strength and the failure types.Öğe Radiopacity of Luting Cements as a Potential Factor in Peri-implantitis: An In Vitro Comparative Study(Quintessence Publishing Co Inc, 2017) Cal, Ebru; Guneri, Pelin; Unal, Sena; Turk, Ayse Gozde; Ulusoy, Mubin; Boyacioglu, HayalThe aim of this study was to establish the radiopacity of cements used in implant-retained fixed partial dentures with respect to implant material, enamel, and dentin. A sample of 10 specimens of 13 different cements, implants, enamel, and dentin were prepared. Radiographs of the specimens and aluminum step wedges were acquired. Mean gray values of specimens were measured using digital imaging software. Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk normality tests and independent t test were used (P = .05). Implantlink Semi, Premier, and Dentotemp had the lowest radiopacity values; GC FujiTemp LT, Multilink Implant, Poly-F Plus, Cavex-Temporary, and Panavia SA showed the highest. Within the limitations of the study, cements containing zinc oxide and ytterbium-trifluoride can be recommended for cementation of implant-retained restorations.
