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Öğe Arsenic and boron in geothermal water and their removal(CRC Press, 2010) Yoshizuka K.; Kabay N.; Bryjak M.Selecting an As treatment technology for remediation of geothermal waters depends on several key factors. Among these, speciation of As, initial As concentration, regulatory requirements and target treatment levels must be considered. Due to variations in As speciation and large differences in the chemistry and physical properties of geothermal waters, no single technology will adequately meet the needs of every project. Furthermore, successful remediation often requires a combination of two or more treatment technologies. There are several inorganic arsenite species [inorganic As(III); e.g., H3AsO3, H2AsO3 Table 8.1 lists the As content of several geothermal waters in the world. Though large variation of As content is indicated in geothermal sites, extremely high As content is detected in some hot spring areas. This is linked to the mineralogical, chemical and physical characteristics of the soils, sediments and rocks in contact with these waters. In addition, the As is significantly leached from aquifers under the extremely high temperature and pressure conditions. Depending on oxidation-reduction (redox) conditions and biological activity, groundwater and geothermal water may contain As(V) and the more toxic As(III) forms (US EPA 2002). Considering that As contamination can originate from geological materials, the remediation of these materials is usually necessary to reduce As concentrations in associated geothermal waters. In some cases, however, geothermal water contamination is so severe that affordable and effective remediation is not possible. The physical and chemical characteristics of geothermal waters will affect the selection of reliable treatment technologies to work effectively under the high temperature condition. Alaerts and Khouri (2004) identified several factors that affect the costs and feasibility of treating As in geothermal water. The lowering of As drinking water standards (maximum contaminant level, MCL) from 50 to 10 µg L-1 in many countries has resulted in increasing demands for additional removal technologies when geothermal waters are used for drinking and cooking. © 2010 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.Öğe Arsenic sorption using mixtures of ion exchange resins containing N-methyl-D-glucamine and quaternary ammonium groups(Sociedad Chilena de Quimica, 2016) Ozkula G.; Urbano B.F.; Rivas B.L.; Kabay N.; Bryjak M.The method of synthesis and the arsenic removal properties of ion-exchange resins based on N-methyl-D-glucamine and trimethylammonium groups are presented. The N-methyl-D-glucamine based monomer was synthesized by the reaction of 4-vinyl benzyl chloride with N-methyl-D-glucamine, along with the use of N,N-methylene-bis-acrylamide as a crosslinker reagent for polymerization. In addition, poly(4-vinylbenzyl)trimethylammonium was synthesized. Arsenate sorption studies were conducted and the pH effect, kinetics, sorption capacity, and elution performance were studied. The experimental data were fitted to kinetic models, such as the pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order models. The pseudo-second order model exhibited the best correlation with the experimental data. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were fitted to the experimental data, and the Freundlich isotherm exhibited the best fit. © 2016, Sociedad Chilena de Quimica. All rights reserved.Öğe Boron removal by liquid-phase polymer-based retention technique using poly(glycidyl methacrylate N-methyl D -glucamine)(2013) Sánchez J.; Rivas B.L.; Nazar E.; Bryjak M.; Kabay N.The removal of boron was analyzed by liquid-phase polymer based retention (LPR) technique using washing and enrichment method. The extracting reagents were water-soluble polymers (WSPs) containing quaternary ammonium salts and N-methyl-D-glucamine (NMG) groups. The removal experiments of boron using the washing method were conducted at 1 bar of pressure by varying pH, polymer:boron molar ratio, and concentrations of interfering ions (chloride and sulfate). The results showed higher retention capacity for boron (60%) at pH 10 with the polymer containing NMG group. The optimal polymer:boron molar ratio was 40: 1. Selectivity experiments showed that the presence of interfering ions did not affect the boron removal capacity. The maximal boron retention capacity was determined by the enrichment method, obtaining a value of 12 mg B/g-polymer. Copyright © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Öğe Boron Removal From Seawater Using Reverse Osmosis Integrated Processes(Elsevier Inc., 2015) Kabay N.; Bryjak M.The reverse osmosis (RO) membrane desalination process is a relevant and reliable technology for the desalination of seawater. However, some serious limitations have recently been discovered during field practice, among them the boron problem seems to be critically important. It has been reported that the target level of boron in permeate, which was set at 0.5. mg/L, was rarely reached for conventional RO desalination plants equipped with commercially available membranes. Although boron is an essential trace element for plant growth, it can be detrimental at higher concentrations. Therefore, boron limits in the permeate of seawater RO process were kept between 0.3 and 1. mg/L till 2011. In 2011, the World Health Organization modified the Boron Guideline Value and raised it to 2.4. mg/L. However, some utilities may still set seawater desalination plant product water limits lower than 1. mg/L, bearing the agricultural-related issues in mind. This chapter will mostly deal with the RO integrated membrane processes used particularly for boron removal from seawater. © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Boron Removal From Water by Sorption-Membrane Filtration Hybrid Process(Elsevier Inc., 2015) Bryjak M.; Kabay N.This chapter presents principles of membrane-enhanced hybrid processes when coupling agents form complexes with boron and as the larger substances are removed by membrane filtration. Such coupling agents are low-molecular polyol molecules, water-soluble polymers bearing vicinal hydroxyl groups, micelles reinforced with chitosan, and fine adsorbents. The benefits and drawbacks for each of the method are shown. © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Boron Separation Processes(Elsevier Inc., 2015) Kabay N.; Bryjak M.; Hilal N.The impending crisis posed by water stress and poor sanitation represents one of greatest human challenges for the 21st century, and membrane technology has emerged as a serious contender to confront the crisis. Yet, whilst there are countless texts on wastewater treatment and on membrane technologies, none address the boron problem and separation processes for boron elimination. Boron Separation Processes fills this gap and provides a unique and single source that highlights the growing and competitive importance of these processes. For the first time, the reader is able to see in one reference work the state-of-the-art research in this rapidly growing field. The book focuses on four main areas: Effect of boron on humans and plants; Separation of boron by ion exchange and adsorption processes; Separation of boron by membrane processes; Simulation and optimization studies for boron separation; Provides in one source a state-of-the-art overview of this compelling area; Reviews the environmental impact of boron before introducing emerging boron separation processes; Includes simulation and optimization studies for boron separation processes; Describes boron separation processes applicable to specific sources, such as seawater, geothermal water and wastewater. © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Cr(III)removal from aqueous solution byion exchange resins containing carboxylic acid and sulphonic acid groups(Sociedad Chilena de Quimica, 2018) Rivas B.L.; Morales D.V.; Kabay N.; Bryjak M.Ion exchange resins based on the water-insoluble polymers poly(acrylamide-co-styrene sodium sulfonate) (P(AAm-co-ESS)), poly(2-acrylamide-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid-co-acrylicacid) (P(APSA-co-AAc)),poly(2-acrylamidoglycolic acid-co-2-acrylamide-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid) (P(AAGA-co-APSA)), and poly(2-acrylamidoglycolic acid-co-4-styrene sodium sulfonate) (P(AAGA-co-ESS)) were synthesized by radical polymerization. These polymers were employed to remove Cr(III) from an aqueous solution. The optimum sorption parameters of amount of resin and sorption time were obtained through batch-mode sorption tests. Following batch elution tests to identify the best eluting agent. Finally,the column-mode sorption/elution behaviors of ion exchange resins were studied. The ion exchange resins exhibited excellent removal of Cr(III). The P(AAGA-co-APSA) resin exhibited 89.4% removal, while P(AAGA-co-ESS) displayed 88.3%, P(AAm-co-ESS) 86.8%, and P(APSA-co-AAc) 89.3%. The column-mode was studied by theP(AAGA-co-APSA) resingave a breakthrough capacity of 1.5 mg Cr(III)/mL resin in the first cycle. The elution efficiency was almost 100%. The breakthrough capacity was 1.2 mg Cr(III)/mL resin in the second cycle. The elution efficiency was 90.2% in the second cycle. © 2018 Sociedad Chilena de Quimica. All Rights Reserved.Öğe Current status of ion exchange membranes for electrodialysis/reverse electrodialysis and membrane capacitive deionization/capacitive mixing(Elsevier, 2022) Kabay N.; Güler E.; Smolinska-Kempisty K.; Bryjak M.The world is facing several critical problems, which were integrated by the United Nation into the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Adopted by all the U.N. member states, the SDGs provide goals for attaining a common welfare by 2030. Among these goals, access to clean water and green energy are the most important challenges. The use of ion exchange membranes for the production of safe water and harvesting renewable energy seem to meet these challenges. This chapter will present the history and perspectives of the use of ion exchange membranes for these struggles. © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Öğe Öğe Editors’ preface(CRC Press, 2010) Kabay N.; Bundschuh J.; Hendry B.; Bryjak M.; Yoshizuka K.; Bhattacharya P.; Anaç S.[No abstract available]Öğe The global arsenic problem: Challenges for safe water production(CRC Press, 2010) Kabay N.; Bundschuh J.; Hendry B.; Bryjak M.; Yoshizuka K.; Bhattacharya P.; Anaç S.A prevalent and increasingly important issue, arsenic removal continues to be one of the most important areas of water treatment. Conventional treatment plants may employ several methods for removing arsenic from water. Commonly used processes include oxidation, sedimentation, coagulation and filtration, lime treatment, adsorption onto sorptive media, ion exchange, and membrane filtration. However, in the most affected regions, large conventional treatment plants may not be appropriate and factors such as cost and acceptability as well as performance must be considered. This book, published in cooperation with leading experts in this field, provides a thorough analysis of the problems, solutions, and possible alternatives to achieve safe water production on a global scale. © 2010 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.Öğe Performance of reverse electrodialysis system for salinity gradient energy generation by using a commercial ion exchange membrane pair with homogeneous bulk structure(MDPI AG, 2021) Altıok E.; Kaya T.Z.; Güler E.; Kabay N.; Bryjak M.Salinity gradient energy is a prominent alternative and maintainable energy source, which has considerable potential. Reverse electrodialysis (RED) is one of the most widely studied methods to extract this energy. Despite the considerable progress in research, optimization of RED process is still ongoing. In this study, effects of the number of membrane pairs, ratio of salinity gradient and feed velocity on power generation via the reverse electrodialysis (RED) system were investigated by using Fujifilm cation exchange membrane (CEM Type 2) and FujiFilm anion exchange membrane (AEM Type 2) ion exchange membranes. In the literature, there is no previous study based on a RED system equipped with Fujifilm AEM Type II and CEM Type II membranes that have homogeneous bulk structure. Using 400 _m of intermembrane distance, maximum obtainable power density by 5 pairs of Fujifilm membranes at 1:45 salinity ratio and with a linear flow rate of 0.833 cm/s was 0.426 W/m2. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Öğe Removal of boron from Balçova-Izmir geothermal water by ion exchange process: Batch and column studies(2009) Ipek I.Y.; Kabay N.; Yuksel M.; Kirmizisakal O.; Bryjak M.In this study, the efficiency of boron removal from Balcova geothermal water provided by the Izmir Geothermal Energy Company, Turkey, has been investigated using boron selective ion exchange resins Diaion CRB 02 and Dowex (XUS 43594.00) by batch and column methods. The results of the column studies have been evaluated in terms of type of resin and feed flow rate, and the effects of particle size and temperature have been investigated using the results obtained from batch kinetic studies. The data from the kinetic studies have been evaluated using pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetics models. In addition, the classical diffusion models have been used to evaluate the kinetic data obtained to understand the rate-controlling mechanisms.Öğe Removal of Cr(VI) by stabilized solvent impregnated resin (SIR) prepared by using a hydrophilic polymer adsorbent and Aliquat 336.(Sociedad Chilena de Quimica, 2019) Morales D.V.; Kusku O.; Rivas B.L.; Arda M.; Kabay N.; Bryjak M.The solvent impregnated resin (SIR) was prepared by using Diaion HP-2MG as a hydrophilic polymer adsorbent and commercial Aliquat 336 as extractant for hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) removal from aqueous solution. The resulting SIRs were stabilized by coating using poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and divinylsulfone as crosslinking reagent with different amounts. In order to predict the mechanism involved in the adsorption process, several kinetic models were used. Among them, the sorption kinetics was usually described by pseudo-first or pseudo-second order models. The kinetic behavior of stabilized SIRs was investigated as a function of amount of crosslinking reagent by batch adsorption equilibrium. Uncoated resins exhibited a faster kinetics than coated ones. It was possible to improve the kinetic performance of crosslinked resins with conditioning by using NaOH-NaCl mixture. The breakthrough profiles of SIRs were also influenced by amount of crosslinking reagent. © 2019 Sociedad Chilena de Quimica. All rights reserved.Öğe Water-insoluble copolymer based on N-methyl-D-glucamine and quaternary ammonium groups with capability to remove arsenic(John Wiley and Sons Inc., 2014) Urbano B.F.; Paredes J.; Rivas B.L.; Kusku O.; Kabay N.; Bryjak M.The synthesis and sorption performance of As(V) with a copolymer resin is presented. The resin was obtained via the radical polymerization of a 1:1 mixture of N-(4-vinyl benzyl)-N-methyl-D-glucamine and (4-vinyl benzyl)trimethyl ammonium chloride using N,N-methylene-bis-acrylamide as the crosslinker. The effect of pH, concentration, and time on the arsenic sorption was studied. The copolymer exhibited good performance over a wide pH range regardless of the initial concentrations. The equilibrium experiments presented better results under alkaline conditions (pH 9.0) compared with acidic conditions (pH 3.0). The kinetic sorption was quite fast, particularly at low arsenic concentrations. In addition, the arsenic anions were eluted with different acid/ alkaline reagents, and the acid eluents exhibited the best results. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers.
