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    Advillin acts upstream of phospholipase C ?1 in steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome
    (American Society for Clinical Investigation, 2017) Rao J.; Ashraf S.; Tan W.; Van Der Ven A.T.; Gee H.Y.; Braun D.A.; Fehér K.; George S.P.; Esmaeilniakooshkghazi A.; Choi W.-I.; Jobst-Schwan T.; Schneider R.; Schmidt J.M.; Widmeier E.; Warejko J.K.; Hermle T.; Schapiro D.; Lovric S.; Shril S.; Daga A.; Nayir A.; Shenoy M.; Tse Y.; Bald M.; Helmchen U.; Mir S.; Berdeli A.; Kari J.A.; El Desoky S.; Soliman N.A.; Bagga A.; Mane S.; Jairajpuri M.A.; Lifton R.P.; Khurana S.; Martins J.C.; Hildebrandt F.
    Steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) is a frequent cause of chronic kidney disease. Here, we identified recessive mutations in the gene encoding the actin-binding protein advillin (AVIL) in 3 unrelated families with SRNS. While all AVIL mutations resulted in a marked loss of its actin-bundling ability, truncation of AVIL also disrupted colocalization with F-actin, thereby leading to impaired actin binding and severing. Additionally, AVIL colocalized and interacted with the phospholipase enzyme PLCE1 and with the ARP2/3 actin-modulating complex. Knockdown of AVIL in human podocytes reduced actin stress fibers at the cell periphery, prevented recruitment of PLCE1 to the ARP3-rich lamellipodia, blocked EGF-induced generation of diacylglycerol (DAG) by PLCE1, and attenuated the podocyte migration rate (PMR). These effects were reversed by overexpression of WT AVIL but not by overexpression of any of the 3 patient-derived AVIL mutants. The PMR was increased by overexpression of WT Avil or PLCE1, or by EGF stimulation; however, this increased PMR was ameliorated by inhibition of the ARP2/3 complex, indicating that ARP-dependent lamellipodia formation occurs downstream of AVIL and PLCE1 function. Together, these results delineate a comprehensive pathogenic axis of SRNS that integrates loss of AVIL function with alterations in the action of PLCE1, an established SRNS protein.