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Öğe 222Ra and 226Ra in geothermal waters of Bayındır-Izmir (Turkey)(Springer Verlag, 2015) Yarar Z.; Taşköprü C.; İçhedef M.; Saç M.M.; Kumru M.N.; Bolca M.The radioactivity levels (222Rn and 226Ra) and physico-chemical properties of geothermal waters from two spas of Bayındır are investigated. Radon and radium measurements were made with collector chamber method. The radon concentrations range from 3.0 to 13.3 Bq/l, whereas the radium varies from 0.35 to 1.71 Bq/l. It has been observed that radon levels increase in winter and decrease in summer. The 222Rn/226Ra ratio was found to range from 4.91 to 30.53. Physico-chemical properties of water samples were also analysed. Water samples have considerably stable total dissolved solids values, slight acidity, low electrical conductivity, and temperature (42–48 °C). © 2015, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.Öğe THE COMPARE of OLIVE TREE COUNTING METHODS(Parlar Scientific Publications, 2020) Ozen F.; Bolca M.In this project, which is aimed to determine the presence of olive trees, the template method which is applied manually (screen digitize) and OLICOUNT software which can make semiautomatic counting, eCognition software which is an object-based approach, and new M-OLICOUNT methods created by modifying the OLICOUNT were compared. In this study, 60 cm resolution images of Quickbird satellite including NIR wavelength energy were used. In order to prevent the decrease of accuracy by other trees mixing with the olive trees, the image of the winter months when the trees shed their leaves was used. As the study area, Karaot Village and its environs in the northeast of Torbali district of izmir province, villages in the center and surrounding of Urla District and lands in Mordogan Town of Karaburun District where the olive cover is widespread were chosen. As a result, it was determined that the accuracy rate of manual counting method was higher in comparison with other methods in the areas where olive trees were found mixed with natural vegetation where the topography was sloped under the conditions of Aegean Region and therefore the shadow effect was high. The other three methods were found to provide better performance in terms of time, labor and cost in areas which are flat and with a slope that is close to being flat and where the olive tree cultivation is made as an orchard production. © 2020 Parlar Scientific Publications. All rights reserved.Öğe Creating potential erosion risk map of the Karaburun Peninsula by Geographical Information System and remote sensing technique(2011) Kurucu Y.; Altinbas U.; Uysal H.; Bolca M.; Esetlili M.T.; Ozen F.; Yonter G.; Ozden N.; Yolcu G.; Karakurt H.; Altun N.With this study, it is aimed to draw a potential erosion risk map needed to be used for planning the precautions against erosion, which is one of the biggest problems of our country, by using advanced techniques. An area of 1126 km 2 including the Cesme Karaburun Peninsula, which is located on the west coast of Turkey, has been selected as study area. RUSLE soil loss factors have been used in the study. Each factor used for detecting the soil loss has been determined geographically from different sources and recorded as layer in database according to Geographic Information System. In the study, for determining the C factor a 15-m spatial resolution ASTER image, for determining 'L' and 'S' factors numerical counter lines, for determining 'R' factor weather observation results, and for determining 'K' factor, soil order maps have been used. Afterwards, layers are united by using spatial intersection and new polygons containing all attributes have been created. After the database was created, the Rusle model has been applied and as a result soil loss has been determined for each polygon. At the end of the study, it has been determined that the soil loss in the Cesme Karaburun Peninsula, selected as study area, amounts to 1 279 548 t/ha/year.Öğe Determination of impact of urbanization on agricultural land and wetland land use in Balçovas' Delta by remote sensing and GIS technique(2007) Bolca M.; Turkyilmaz B.; Kurucu Y.; Altinbas U.; Esetlili M.T.; Gulgun B.Because of their intense vegetation and the fact that they include areas of coastline, deltas situated in the vicinity of big cities are areas of greet attraction for people who wish to get away from in a crowded city. However, deltas, with their fertile soil and unique flora and fauna, need to be protected. In order for the use of such areas to be planned in a sustainable way by local authorities, there is a need for detailed data about these regions. In this study, the changes in land use of the Balçova Delta, which is to the immediate west of Turkey's third largest city Izmir, from 1957 up to the present day, were investigated. In the study, using aerial photographs taken in 1957, 1976 and 1995 and an IKONOS satellite image from the year 2005, the natural and cultural characteristics of the region and changes in the coastline were determined spatially. Through this study, which aimed to reveal the characteristics of the areas of land already lost as well as the types of land use in the Balçova delta and to determine geographically the remaining areas in need of protection, local authorities were provided with the required data support. Balçova consists of flat and fertile wetland with mainly citrus-fruit orchards and flower-producing green houses. The marsh and lagoon system situated in the coastal areas of the delta provides a habitat for wild life, in particular birds. In the Balçova Delta, which provides feeding and resting for migratory birds, freshwater sources are of vital importance for fauna and flora. The settlement area, which in 1957 was 182 ha, increased 11-fold up to the year 2005 when it reached 2,141 ha. On the other hand, great losses were determined in farming land, olive groves, forest and in the marsh and lagoon system. This unsystematic and rapid urbanization occurring in the study region is not only causing the loss of important agricultural land and wetland, but also lasting water and soil pollution. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2006.Öğe Determination of the arsenic pollution due to geothermal sources in the agricultural lands of Alangullu-Aydin region(Scibulcom Ltd., 2014) Esetlili M.T.; Colak Esetlili B.; Ozen F.; Bolca M.; Kurucu Y.Arsenic, along with Hg, Sb, B, Li and F, is one of the important components of geothermal waters. In regions where geothermal waters are found abundantly, the arsenic content of these waters easily mixes into the watersheds and rivers. WHO reports the limit values of 10 µg/l for drinking waters, 19 µg/l for protection of aquatic life and FAO (Food and Agriculture Organisation) permissible limit for irrigation water (100 µg/l). Arsenic, which is a natural pollutant in general, is of utmost importance due to its proven adverse impacts in particular on human health. Health problems due to high levels of arsenic are encountered in many countries such as Bangladesh, India, United States of America, Argentina, Chile, Taiwan and China. In this study, the arsenic content of the water and soil samples were evaluated to determine the impact of arsenic (As) pollution from geothermal sources on agricultural lands in Aydin-Germencik Alangullu Region which is a sub-basin of Great Menderes Basin (Western Turkey), where sodium chloride type geothermal sources are found as open systems. Water samples were taken from 4 different geothermal sources with natural flow conditions into agricultural lands of the basin. The As contents of the geothermal waters were measured between 680 and 1150 µg/l. Soil samples taken from four different areas differed in relation to the impact level of the source and were determined to be between 14.88 and 48.50 mg kg-1. The distribution of the impacted agricultural lands in the sub-basin was mapped using geostatistical methods.Öğe Distributions of 210Pb around a uraniferous coal-fired power plant in Western Turkey(2009) Ugur A.; Özden B.; Yener G.; Saç M.M.; Kurucu Y.; Altinbaş Ü.; Bolca M.In the present study the spatial and the vertical distributions of 210Pb were investigated in the soils around a uranifereous coal fired power plant (CPP) in Yatagan Basin, in Western Turkey. The variation of 226Ra activity along the soil profiles was studied to assess the unsupported 210Pb distribution in the same samples. 226Ra was measured by gamma spectroscopy and 210Pb activities were determined from 210Po activities using radiochemical deposition and alpha spectroscopy. The total 210Pb activity concentrations in bulk core samples varied in the range of 38-250 Bq kg-1 in the study sites and of 22-78 Bq kg-1 in reference site. In the sectioned cores sampled from the study areas the ranges for activity concentrations of 226Ra, total 210Pb and unsupported 210Pb are 24-77; 39-344 and 4-313 Bq kg-1, respectively. Corresponding ranges for reference site are 37-39; 39-122 and 1-83 Bq kg-1. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2008.Öğe An examination of the effects of land use changes on nature conservation rulings in Çeşme peninsula, Turkey(2009) Gülgün B.; Türkyilmaz B.; Bolca M.; Özen F.Because of their intense vegetation and the fact that they include areas of coastline, deltas situated in the vicinity of big cities are areas of great attraction for people who wish to get away from in a crowded city. However, coasts, with their fertile soil and unique flora and fauna, need to be protected. In order for the use of such areas to be planned in a sustainable way by local authorities, there is a need for detailed data about these regions. In this study, the changes in land use of the area between Topburnu and Uçburun Musa Bey Harbour on the Çeşme peninsula, which is to the immediate west of Turkey's third largest city İzmir, from 1976 up to the present day, were investigated. In the study, using aerial photographs taken in 1976, 1995 and 2000 and an IKONOS satellite image from the year 2007, the natural and cultural characteristics of the region and changes in the coastline were determined spatially. Using aerial photographs from 1976, 1995 and 2000 and an IKONOS satellite image from the year 2007, together with "1/25,000 scale Conservation-Oriented Development Plans" prepared in 1979, 1990 and 2000 by the committee for the Preservation of Natural and Cultural Entities attached to the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Turkish Republic, the natural and cultural characteristics of the region and the land use changes and their connection with conservation rulings were determined spatially. In this study, spatial changes in land use over the years were compared with changing conservation rulings over the years and the emerging results have brought a new perspective to the subject in contrast to other similar studies. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2008.Öğe A gis-based model for rating natural protection areas according to natural protection priorities(2007) Bahar T.; Kurucu Y.; Bolca M.; Altinbas U.; Esetlili T.; Gulgun B.; Ozen F.; Gencer G.; Guney A.; Hepcan S.; Ozden N.There has been a major urban shift of population in Turkey over the last century. Most people lived in rural areas until 1960, but now more than half live in urban areas. This trend has continued over the last 20 years, as families moved further away from city centres to find houses in the country, and this has caused land use to change rapidly. In decision-making studies to protect nature areas, rating and assessment of ecological data by scientific verification is difficult due to the huge volumeand diversity of data. Therefore, the search for the most suitable and applicable method to achieve physical planning based on ecological understanding has been sought. The necessity for numerous parameters to be taken into account has stimulated the use of geographic information systems (GIS). This study assesses the usefulness of a GIS-based model in the protected area of Kaynaklar County, to the south of the city of Izmir. Existing cultural and natural land-use types, as well as soil, hydrologic, geologic and geomorphologic data layers (future classes) were gathered from field observation and using Landsat and IKONOS satellite images, and transferred to a database according to GIS rules. Index values were determined by taking impact on attributes of natural protection as a priority and these were attached to each feature class. Layers of data were merged by spatial intersection methods and new polygons were created for both cultural and natural features. A three-grade final map of the study area was generated using total index values of each new polygon. © 2007 Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.Öğe Impact of land use changes on agricultural ecosystem: A case study of kemalpasa-izmir(Scibulcom Ltd., 2014) Ozen F.; Esetlili M.T.; Bolca M.; Kurucu Y.Differentiating elements of developed and developing societies are basically population, industrialisation, energy and ecological environment. This phenomenon, which is based on the four essential elements, is the key of a life where all creatures in the life cycle and their sustainable interactions exist and their negative issues are predictable. In this project, how the decisions, which were taken in order to meet growing energy needs of increasing population, residence, new working areas as a result of growing industrialisation between 1975-2013 years, have affected irrigating agriculture fields and natural habitat are researched. The Kemalpasa plain in Izmir province was chosen to be the research area as this area contains fertile agricultural fields and the environment in this area is under threat of growing industrialisation in recent years. Most of the lands in the region were determined to be unsuitable for non-Agricultural activities (LUCC I-IV) in terms of land use capability. Due to microclimatic features of the region, cherry cultivation owning high income for agricultural economy of the region is intensively performed as well and this region has the earliest harvested cherry in the local region. Land use of planted agriculture fields, residential zones, industrial zones, agricultural zones and natural vegetation were detected, and their change with respect to time was examined. By this way, the effects of growing industrialisation in time on soil, agricultural activities taking place on soil and ecological environment were presented.Öğe Investigation of radioactive and chemical contents of thermal waters; izmir Seferihisar region representative [Termal Sulari{dotless}n Radyoaktivite ve Kimyasal İçeriklerinin İncelenmesi; İzmir, Seferihisar Bölgesi Örnegi](2010) Camgöz B.; Saç M.M.; Bolca M.; Özen F.; Oruç Ö.E.; Demirel N.Agricultural terrains which are spontaneously irrigated by geothermal waters are affected by harmful contents of those waters especially boron. In the present study, Seferihisar-Doganbey Fault zone where thermal waters are exist, were selected as study area. In date interval July 2005-December 2007, water samples were collected in a month period from determined stations. Radon measurements in water samples were performed by using collector method. Also analysis of pH, EC (electrical conductivity), Na2CO3, Na+, K+, Ca+++Mg++, Cl-, HCO3-, SO4 = and B (Boron) have performed for those water samples. It is observed that radon changes for Cumali{dotless} Station in interval of 0.1Bq/L-16.67Bq/L, for Karakoç Station in interval of 0.29Bq/L-10.26Bq/L, for Doganbey1 Station in interval of 0.33Bq/L -56.36Bq/L, for Doganbey 2 Station in interval of 0.34Bq/L-7.7Bq/L. Unstable variations of radon values provide requirement of periodical radon measurements along the study.Öğe Land use changes in gediz delta (Turkey) and their negative impacts on wetland habitats(Coastal Education Research Foundation Inc., 2014) Bolca M.; Özen F.; Güneş A.In this research, we investigate Izmir Bird Paradise, which is located on the coast of Gediz Delta (Turkey) and is protected via the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, Especially as Waterfowl Habitat (International Ramsar Agreement). We determined land use changes in salty-alkali areas and changes in biological habitats by using remote sensing techniques and geographic information systems (GIS). We determined temporal changes in different types of land by using 1/20,000 scaled aerial photos of the research area from 1963 and 1996 and Quickbird satellite images with 61-cm resolution from 2005 and 2010. We noted existing biological changes in the same period by associating them with different land use types. At the end of the research, we studied changes to biological habitats in wetlands in coastal Gediz Delta due to the pressures of urban and industrial settlements and agricultural areas. According to the data, between 1963 and 2010 there was a ~84.40% increase in urban-industrial settlements, a ~13.74% increase in agricultural areas, and a ~65.59% increase in saltpan areas. On the other hand, there was a ~37.65% decrease in habitat and nutrition areas of biological variations (bird habitat, wetland flora, and fauna), a ~41.54% decrease in coastal-sand dune-salty alkali areas, and a ~30.63% decrease in swamp and wetland areas. As a result of these changes, numerous species in the wetlands have died or decreased. © Coastal Education & Research Foundation 2014.Öğe Lichens and mosses for correlation between trace elements and 210Po in the areas near coal-fired power plant at Yatagan, Turkey(2004) Ugur A.; Özden B.; Saç M.M.; Yener G.; Altinbaş Ü.; Kurucu Y.; Bolca M.The lichens Rhizoplaca melanophthalma, Cladonia convoluta, Cladonia pyxidata and the mosses Grimmia pulvinata. Hypnum cupressiforme were analyzed for Pb, Cr, Cd, Co, Ni, Mn, Cu, Zn and Fe using atomic absorption spectrophotometry over a wide area around a coal-fired power plant located in Yatagan. The results were compared with the 210Po concentrations previously measured in the same samples. Correlations between 210Po and trace elements for different moss and lichen species of the same localization and for different localizations for the same species were also studied. In general trace element concentrations do not show significant differences from site to site for all species except Mn in Hypnum cupressiforme and 210Po in Grimmia pulvinata. To discuss the 210Pb level and sources in indicator plants analyzed, also radium contents of surface soil at each sampling station was measured and compared with the average values for similar soil types in the literature.Öğe Natural radioactivity levels of geothermalwaters and their influence on soil andagricultural activities(2014) Saç M.M.; Aydemir S.; Içhedef M.; Kumru M.N.; Bolca M.; Özen F.All over the world geothermal sources are used for different purposes. The contents of these waters are important to understand positive/negative effects on human life. In this study, natural radioactivity concentrations of geothermal waters were investigated to evaluate the effect on soils and agricultural activities. Geothermal water samples were collected from the Seferihisar Geothermal Region, and the radon and radium concentrations of these waters were analysed using a collector chamber method. Also soil samples, which are irrigated with geothermal waters, were collected from the surroundings of geothermal areas, and natural radioactivity concentrations of collected samples (U, Th and K) were determined using an NaI(Tl) detector system. The activity concentrations of radon and radium were found to be 0.6-6.0 and 0.1-1.0 Bq l-1, respectively. Generally, the obtained results are not higher compared with the geothermal waters of the world. The activity concentrations in soils were found to be in the range of 3.3-120.3 Bq kg-1 for 226Ra (eU), 0.3-108.5 Bq kg-1 for 232Th (eTh), 116.0-850.0 Bq kg-1 for 40K (% K). © The Author 2013. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.Öğe Natural radioactivity levels of great soil groups in Seferihisar Geothermal Region, Turkey(Springer Verlag, 2015) Içhedef M.; Saç M.M.; Camgöz B.; Bolca M.; Demirel N.; Oruç Ö.E.In this study, measurement of natural radioactivity and analyses of physical properties of soil were carried on great soil groups around the Seferihisar Geothermal Region. The radioactivity levels in soils were analyzed using scintillation gamma spectroscopy. The activity concentrations for 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K range from 7.1 to 32.0 Bq kg-1, 15.2 to 35.9 Bq kg-1 and 223.1 to 802.2 Bq kg-1, respectively. Obtained data was compared with average values given by UNSCEAR and the other studies. The radium equivalent activity (Raeq) in soil samples ranges from 42.2 to 144.7 Bq kg-1 which are lower than the suggested maximal admissible value of 370 Bq kg-1 recommended by OECD. In addition, the value of external exposure dose has been determined from the content of natural radionuclides in soil. The absorbed dose rates change between 20.6 and 70.9 nGy h-1 with a mean value of 46.7 nGy h-1 which is lower than the global average value of 55 nGy h-1. The annual effective dose rates varied from 25.2 to 87.0 µSv year-1 with an average value of 57.3 µSv year-1. Obviously, all the calculated values were lower than this value, and therefore the environment of Tuzla Fault can be regarded as an area with normal natural background radiation. © 2015, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.Öğe Relationship between highway constructions and natural habitat. a case study of izmir highway(Scibulcom Ltd., 2014) Esetlili M.T.; Ozen F.; Kurucu Y.; Bolca M.Natural habitats and ecological systems provide living space for one or more living beings, and they are the source of biodiversity on Earth. Integrity of ecosystems impetuously collapse due to unplanned urbanisation, misuse of lands and excessive consumption of natural resources by human beings. Additionally, monitoring studies are not sufficient to plan preventions. The main aim of this study is to set a precedent by monitoring the damage, the pressure and time-dependent changes, which are caused by highway projects planned without analysing ecosystem flexibility, on natural habitats through the use of remote sensing technique and GIS. The effects of highway projects on habitats are investigated with respect to two different points of view. The first one is that highway projects directly invade and divide habitats. The other one is that highways become centre of attractions for residential and industrial zones, and demand for settlements increases around highways. The research area of this study is the most seriously affected natural area in Aegean region where Izmir-Aydin highway passes through. The changes in the research area in terms of land usage from 1984 to 2014 were analysed by satellite images. The size of industrial and residential zones in the research area was 138 ha in 1984. The size of industrial and residential zone has increased by 1.225% and reached to 1.690 ha as industrial and residential zones became denser throughout the highway. As a result of this study, it was determined that Izmir-Aydin highway has irreversibly split and destroyed substantial part of the natural habitat.Öğe Terrain characterization for soils survey of Kucuk Menderes plain, South of Izmir, Turkey, using remote sensing and GIS techniques [Kucuk Menderes lygumos reljefo Pietu{ogonek} Izmire, Turkijoje, apibudinimas dirvozemiu{ogonek} tyrimams naudojant palydovines nuotraukas ir GIS technologijas](2011) Bolca M.; Kurucu Y.; Dengiz O.; El Din Hassan A.E.-N.Aerial photographs and satellite image interpretation, field investigation and laboratory analyses were integrated with a geographic information system (GIS) to recognize and display terrain and soils characteristics of Kucuk Menderes plain, South of Izmir, Turkey. Seven geomorphologic units were recognized, these being: recent shore ridges and marine beaches, schist and phyllite highlands, limestone highlands, foot slopes, alluvial fans, young alluvial plains and drainage basins. The data were integrated with topographic maps covering the area by using GIS tools. Contour lines were used to generate a digital terrain model (DTM) of the area. The DTM was processed to generate shaded relief. A Landsat 7 ETM satellite image was draped on the DTM to display the spatial scope of the investigated area. For the purpose of creating a soil map 15 observation points were dug representing the different physiographic units belonging to the study area. Soil mapping units have been identified by integrating physiographic units, field survey observations, morphologic description and laboratory analyses. Seven soil axonomic units have been recognized, namely: Typic Xeropsamments, Aquic Xeropsamments, Typic Xerofluvents, Aquic Haploxerepts, Typic Xerorthents, Typic Calcixerepts and Fluventic Haploxerepts. Physiographic and soil maps with a scale of 1:25.000 were produced.Öğe Using advanced spectral analyses techniques as possible means of identifying clay minerals(TUBITAK, 2005) Altinbaş Ü.; Kurucu Y.; Bolca M.; El-Nahry A.H.Spectral analyses, one of the most advanced remote sensing techniques, were used as a possible means of identifying the mineralogy of the clay fractions that corresponded to the Küçük Menderes Plain, south of İzmir, Turkey. Different spectral processes were used to execute the prospective spectral analyses. The processes include: i. the reflectance calibration of TM images belonging to the studied area, ii. using minimum noise fraction (MNF) transformation and iii. creating the pixel purity index (PPI), which was used to the most "spectrally pure", extreme, pixel in multi-spectral images. Spectral analyses of the clay mineralogy of the studied area were obtained by matching the unknown spectra of the purest pixels to pre-defined (library) spectra providing scores with respect to the library spectra. Three methods, namely Spectral Feature Fitting (SFF), Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) and Binary Encoding (BE) were used to produce a score between 0 and 1, where the value of 1 equals a perfect match showing the exact mineral type. We were able to identify 4 clay minerals i.e., vermiculite, kaolinite, montmorillonite and illite, recording different scores related to their abundance in the soils. In order to check the validity and accuracy of the results obtained regarding the spectral signatures of the minerals identified, soil samples taken from the same localities were subjected to X-ray analysis. As a result a good correlation was found between the spectral signatures and the X-ray diffractions. © TÜBİTAK.
