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Öğe Heavy metal contents of various finished leathers(Soc Leather Technol Chemists, 2006) Basaran, B.; Iscan, M.; Bitlisli, B. O.; Aslan, A.In this study, an investigation was made into the heavy metal content of leather articles. The metals concerned were cobalt, chromium, copper, zinc, lead and nickel as these metals may be subject to restrictions in some products because of their toxic characteristics. Insole leathers, upper leathers and garment leathers were studied as likely contaminating sources because of their extensive contact with the human body. Total amounts of heavy metals were initially measured by digestion. In addition, the possible amounts of heavy metals which would easily be extracted in use were extracted in aqueous and artificial perspiration solutions and analyzed using ICP-AES. It was concluded that the heavy metal content of finished leathers depended mainly on the chemicals used in production, and in particular high chromium contents in leather goods were determined. Also, small amounts of cadmium, zinc, lead, cobalt and copper were detected due to chemical and physical reactions during dyeing and finishing processes. The results of heavy metal contents were compared with limit values for leather and textile articles.Öğe Nanofiltration of Cork Wastewaters and Their Possible Use in Leather Industry as Tanning Agents(Hard, 2009) Geraldes, V.; Minhalma, M.; de Pinho, M. N.; Anil, A.; Ozgunay, H.; Bitlisli, B. O.; Sari, O.Cork processing wastewater is a very complex mixture of vegetal extracts and has, among other natural compounds, a very high content of phenolic/tannic colloidal matter that is responsible for severe environmental problems. In the present work, the concentration of this wastewater by nanofiltration was investigated with the aim of producing a cork tannin concentrate to be utilized in tanning. Permeation results showed that the permeate fluxes are controlled by both osmotic pressure and fouling/gel layer phenomena, leading to a rapid decrease of permeate fluxes with the concentration factor. The rejection coefficients to organic matter were higher than 95%, indicating that nanofiltration has a very good ability to concentrate the tannins and produce a permeate stream depleted from organic matter. The cork tannin concentrate obtained by nanofiltration and evaporation had total solids concentration of 34.8 g/l. The skins tanned by this concentrate were effectively converted to leather with a shrinking temperature of 7 degrees C.Öğe Physical and Mechanical Properties of Cotton/Polyester Based Fibers for Shoe Uppers and Lining Products(Lukasiewicz Research Network - Lodz Institute Of Technology, 2023) Sabyrkhanova, S.; Yeldiyar, G.; Efendioglu, N. Ork; Önem, E.; Abzalbeküly, B.; Bitlisli, B. O.The purpose of the study was to evaluate the physical and mechanical properties of various textile materials based on polyester and cotton for shoe uppers and lining. For that purpose, the influence of the ratio of a mixture of cotton and polyester fibers on the quality of the fabric was investigated. As a result, fabrics with the same composition but different yarn numbers differed from each other in specified properties. With an increase in the content of polyester, all specified properties increase except for vapor permeability, which makes it possible to correctly select the composition of fabrics for shoes.Öğe Physical and Mechanical Properties of Cotton/Polyester Based Fibers for Shoe Uppers and Lining Products [2](Lukasiewicz Research Network - Lodz Institute Of Technology, 2023) Sabyrkhanova, S.; Yeldiyar, G.; Efendioglu, N. Ork; Onem, E.; Abzalbekuly, B.; Bitlisli, B. O.The purpose of the study was to evaluate the physical and mechanical properties of various textile materials based on polyester and cotton for shoe uppers and lining. For that purpose, the influence of the ratio of a mixture of cotton and polyester fibers on the quality of the fabric was investigated. As a result, fabrics with the same composition but different yarn numbers differed from each other in specified properties. With an increase in the content of polyester, all specified properties increase except for vapor permeability, which makes it possible to correctly select the composition of fabrics for shoes.Öğe QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF ENZYMATIC AND CHEMICAL DEHAIRING OF SKINS BY AN ELECTRONIC FORCE SENSOR(Amer Leather Chemists Assoc, 2011) Zengin, A. C. Adiguzel; Bitlisli, B. O.; Eriksen, N. T.The dehairing effect of 2 keratinolytic enzyme preparations from liquid cultures of Bacillus cereus IZ-06b and B. cereus IZ-06r and 3 commercial proteolytic enzyme formulations used in leather manufacturing for soaking, dehairing, and bating processes were quantified by a computerized force sensor. Measurements of the force needed to remove individual hairs from skin, showed that the keratinolytic enzymes did loosen hairs from sheepskins. These enzyme preparations may therefore be useful alternatives to present days' beamhouse chemicals, although the traditional dehairing procedure with lime and sulphide still exhibited the strongest effect in hair loosening.Öğe Sequential secretion of collagenolytic, elastolytic, and keratinolytic proteases in peptide-limited cultures of two Bacillus cereus strains isolated from wool(Wiley, 2009) Adiguezel, A. C.; Bitlisli, B. O.; Yasa, I.; Eriksen, N. T.To characterize the secretion of proteolytic activities against keratin, collagen and elastin in liquid cultures of Bacillus cereus IZ-06b and IZ-06r isolated from wool. Growth of B. cereus IZ-06b and IZ-06r were characterized in batch culture. Both strains needed an organic nitrogen source, were able to grow on wool or peptone as sole carbon and nitrogen sources, and metabolized glucose, maltose and other simple sugars. Proteolytic activities were investigated in batch cultures grown in peptide-restricted, carbon-sufficient medium. Secretion of proteases was induced by peptide limitation while different proteolytic activities appeared sequentially in the growth medium. When the most available components of the peptone were depleted, collagenolytic and elastolytic proteases were produced. These were later replaced by the production of keratinolytic protease. B. cereus can adjust its proteolytic affinity profile in response to the supply of organic nitrogen and sequentially secrete proteases with activities targeted against increasingly inaccessible proteinous substrates as the nutritional availability in the environment deteriorates. Peptide-limited, carbon-sufficient growth media containing no proteinous substrates are well suited for protease production in B. cereus while growth conditions can be adjusted to optimize the proteolytic affinity profiles.
