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    Is the menstrual cycle affecting the skin prick test reactivity?
    (2004) Kirmaz C.; Yuksel H.; Mete N.; Bayrak P.; Baytur Y.B.
    Allergen skin prick tests (SPT) are very sensitive and specific tests to detect allergic sensitization in atopic patients. Certain factors like antihistamines, antidepressant therapies or circadian rhythms can alter the results of SPT. In women, the changes in endogenous hormone levels throughout the menstrual cycle may affect the allergic responses and natural course of allergic diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the probable influence of the phases of the menstrual cycle on SPT reactivity to allergen extracts and histamine. Forty-two female patients with seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis were enrolled in the study. Skin prick test reactivities to allergens and histamine were measured at the beginning of the menstrual cycle (3rd or 4th day), mid-cycle (14th or 15th day) and end-cycle (27th or 28th day) consecutively. Serum estradiol, progesterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were determined simultaneously. We observed the most significant reactions to allergens when SPT is performed at mid-cycle. However, SPT reactivity to histamine did not vary throughout the menstrual cycle. Serum estradiol and LH levels showed positive correlation with SPT reactivity to allergens at mid-cycle. Our results suggest that SPT give the best results when they are performed at mid-cycle. Additionally, allergens seem to cause mast cell degranulation to a greater extent in subjects in which endogenous hormones like estradiol and LH are elevated.
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    Serum tumor growth factor-ß1 levels in patients with cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis C
    (2004) Kirmaz C.; Terzioglu E.; Topalak O.; Bayrak P.; Yilmaz O.; Ersoz G.; Sebik F.
    Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis are two of the most important health problems according to current gastroenterology literature. Based on the recent developments in the field of immunology, advanced follow-up and treatment modalities have been introduced for these disorders. Immune defence against viral infections depends on effective cellular immune responses derived mainly from Th1-related cytokines. Th2 type immune responses can inhibit efficient immune function by secretion of several cytokines such as IL-10, TGF-ß1. In this particular study, we determined the serum levels of TGF-ß1, which plays a role in immune suppression and induction of tissue fibrosis. We evaluated the role of TGF-ß1 in the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. Fourteen chronic hepatitis B (CHB), 12 chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients and 21 cirrhotic patients were enrolled in the study. The control group consisted of ten healthy people. Serum TGF-ß1 levels were higher in both cirrhosis and CHC group when compared to those in CHB and control groups (P < 0.05). Although serum TGF-ß1 levels in the cirrhosis group were higher than that in the CHC group, the difference was not statistically significant. In conclusion, elevated TGF-ß1 levels in patients with CHC and cirrhosis may have a role in the pathogenesis and chronicity of these diseases.