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    A Geographical Perspective on Transhumance Cultures in the World
    (Istanbul Univ, Fac Letters, Dept Geography, 2022) Akbas, Ferdi; Baykal, Fusun
    This study focuses on transhumance as shaped by pastoral farming, rural cultural, rural economic, and geographic conditions. The main issue of this study is transhumance culture, which is at risk of transforming due to global pressures and threats. In this context, the first aim of the study is to determine which subjects are involved in transhumance culture's transformation in the world, the second is to reveal the factors that initiate this process, the third is to introduce efforts to protect transhumance, and the fourth and final is to give examples from around the world. The study has been prepared as a thematic and descriptive compilation and is supported with spatial examples in order to add a geographical dimension. Transhumance currently faces many threats, such as aging and urbanization in rural areas, failure in rural development, migration to and from mountains, climate change, and over tourism. In addition, green, circular, and digital technologies as well as economic and political decisions have an opportunistic value for transhumance. International and national institutions have made many decisions and supported transhumance in order to protect it. As a result, this study can be expected to contribute to this with some valuable implications for Turkey by looking at the transformation of transhumance and the measures taken from a global perspective. Common global problems such as climate change, migrations from mountains, the aging population, and abandonment of the shepherd profession indicate that transhumance in Turkey, which has been in great decline, should benefit from the world agenda.
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    Opportunities of utilizing natural and cultural resources of Bornova (Izmir) through tourism
    (Elsevier Science Bv, 2011) Emekli, Gozde; Baykal, Fusun; Efe, R; Ozturk, M
    Bornova district in Izmir has undergone a continuous renewal with its urban functions and economic structure. Recently, the sectors of industry and services have left their marks on Bornova. On the other hand, although the nine villages affiliated to the district maintain their existence through agricultural sector, each has various problems (such as shrinkage of agricultural lands, reduction in diversity of products and productivity, migration to the city, and migration received from outside). According to the findings of the research, which is the subject of this paper, the rural areas of Bornova have not lost their natural resources (such as valleys, forests, scenic beauties and water sources) yet. With the addition of proximity and easy access to the city, it is not so difficult for these resources to transform into attractions for ecotourism. The cultural resources of Bornova might be divided into two as urban and rural. However, beyond all, the finds dating to some 8,500 years earlier with the excavation at Ye ilova Mound within the district borders also cast light on the history of settlement in zmir. The urban cultural resources of Bornova include the cultural centers of the Ege University alongside the mosques, churches, tombs and Levantine mansions at the district center, whereas the rural cultural resources mostly include assets of the local culture in the villages and even though they are getting lost, at least their cultural landscapes are preserved. The aim of this paper is to put forward how the natural and cultural resources of Bornova might be utilized through ecotourism, rural tourism and cultural tourism provided that they are turned into touristic products. The research, which is the subject of the paper, has been prepared with the approach of tourism geography and completed after performing the stages of data collection, geographical observations, interviews with the authorities, mapping, analysis and synthesis. It can be concluded that Bornova offers supply potential where types of ecotourism, rural tourism and cultural tourism as well as innumerable activities based on them might be developed. It is possible to state that urban population and primarily the youth at university and the university staff are ready to demand this potential and, therefore, marketing cannot be difficult at all. (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of The 2nd International Geography Symposium-Mediterranean Environment
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    Utilization of natural and cultural resources of Dikili (Izmir) for tourism
    (Elsevier Science Bv, 2011) Ataberk, Emre; Baykal, Fusun; Efe, R; Ozturk, M
    Agriculture, fishing, greenhousing, carpet manufacturing, granite stone engraving and tourism are the primary sources of income in Dikili, Izmir. Tourism started to develop in the region since the 1980s and recently, coastal tourism and domestic tourism have gained importance. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that beside coasts where coastal tourism takes place, Dikili, has natural and cultural sources required for development of thermal tourism and rural tourism/ecotourism. Additionally, presenting these sources give way to provide numerous opportunities as a power, is complement aim. The presence of high-flow geothermal water sources in Kaynarca and Ilica districts in Dikili provides opportunities for heating houses and performing greenhousing in the districts, however Nebiler, Bademli, Kocaoba, French hot springs and etc. offer a great potential for the development of thermal tourism. The land allocations for the establishment of two facilities in Dikili indicate that the region will soon be mentioned with thermal tourism. Except for the Aegean Sea and geothermal waters, the mountains, mountain pastures, islands, lakes, waterfalls, caves, forests, monumental trees, natural medicinal plants, wild animals and scenic beauties indicate how rich natural geography Dikili has. Local economic products (olive, olive oil, marine products, Yagcibedir carpets and etc.), ancient cities, rock tombs and ruins of castles as well as villages display the diversity of cultural sources in the region. These all sources mean great attractions for rural tourism/ecotourism and the only shortcoming is that these products have not been branded or turned into touristic products yet. In this sense, the design of tracking paths, the establishment of shopping stands and the opening of some restaurants in some villages are primarly steps and touristic products to launch tourism. Finally in the study, SWOT analysis is made and strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of Dikili in terms of thermal tourism and rural tourism/ecotourism are suggested. The paper has been written in the field of tourism geography and prepared after data collection, geographical observations, analysis and synthesis. (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of The 2nd International Geography Symposium-Mediterranean Environment