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Öğe 2-Amino-6-benzothiazole substituted with methoxy in the form of sulfonic acids, used as antifungal product for the preservation of wet-blue bovine hides(Deri Teknologlari, Teknisyenleri ve Kimyacilari Dernegi, 2013) Târlea M.-M.; Mutlu M.M.; Radulescu C.H.; Adigüzel Zengin A.C.; Bitlisli B.O.; Basaran B.; Yasa I.This paper presents results of a biocidal product derived from 2-amino-benzoth iazo le-6-methoxy in the form of sulphonic acids, which was synthesized for the purpose of antifungal protection of wet-blue bovine hides. The biocide samples have been offered in proportions of 0.5% and 1.0% to wet-blue bovine hides for antifungal protection and their absorptions in the hide samples were determined by using UV spectra. Wet-blue leather samples have been tested for the antifungal activity against some species of fungi that grows on wet-blue hides: Aspergillus niger, Penicillium aurantiogriseum, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis.Öğe Distribution of Cr (III) and Cr (VI) in chrome tanned leather(2008) Basaran B.; Ulas M.; Bitlisli B.O.; Asian A.Basic chromium sulphate is the most versatile and common tanning agent in the leather industry. Under certain circumstances, the oxidation of the trivalent chromium salts into the hexavalent compounds, which are used in leather manufacture, is a crucial issue. In this study, different proportions of basic chromium sulphate were used in tanning and re-tanning processes according to a commonly used recipe, and levels of chromium oxide and hexavalent chromium were studied stratigraphically in the crosssection of the leather. It was observed that the levels of chromium oxide and hexavalent chromium in the skins increased in relation to the proportions of basic chromium sulphate used in the process, and that the amounts added in the tanning process had a greater effect on the levels of hexavalent chromium formed in the layers of the skins than did the amounts added in re-tanning.Öğe Eco-leather: Chromium-free leather production using titanium, oligomeric melamine- formaldehyde resin, and resorcinol tanning agents and the properties of the resulting leathers [Eko-deri: Titanyum, oligomerik melamin formaldehit reçinesi ve rezorsinol tabaklama maddeleri ile kromsuz deri üretimi ve elde edilen derilerin Özellikleri](2012) Adiguzel Zengin A.C.; Crudu M.; Maier S.S.; Deselnicu V.; Albu L.; Gulumser G.; Bitlisli B.O.; Basaran B.; Mutlu M.M.The chromium salt tanning system, which is still the most popular leather tanning procedure, is under continuous pressure from environmental groups and international regulations. Therefore, for many years, numerous experiments have been carried out on chromium-free leather production. In this study, newly produced synthetic and inorganic chemicals were used as tanning and pre-tanning agents as an alternative to a chromium tanning agent. This new titanium based tanning agent, obtained from processing wastes from the industry of nonferrous metals, was used as a main tanning agent. In addition, an oligomeric melamine-formaldehyde resin and resorcinol type pre-polymer were used as pre-tanning agents for the production of chromium-free leathers. Physical tests and chemical analysis of the produced chromium-free leathers gave comparable results to leathers tanned with basic chromium sulphate.Öğe Eco-leather: Properties of chromium-free leathers produced with titanium tanning materials obtained from the wastes of the metal industry [Eko-deri: Metal Endüstrisi Ati{dotless}klari{dotless}ndan elde edilen titanyum tabaklama maddesi ile üretilen kromsuz deri örneklerinin özellikleri](Cevkor Vakfi, 2014) Mutlu M.M.; Crudu M.; Maier S.S.; Deselnicu D.; Albu L.; Gulumser G.; Bitlisli B.O.; Basaran B.; Tosun C.C.; Adiguzel Zengin A.C.In this research, a new titanium tanning agent (TMW/2) obtained from the wastes of the metal industry was investigated in the production of chromium free eco-leather, by experimenting with various amounts of tanning agent and comparing the physical and chemical properties of the tanned leathers. The tanning process was performed with different concentrations of active titanium tanning material such as 1%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10%. The titanium content, chromium oxide content, formaldehyde content, shrinkage temperature, pH value, ash content, and fat content of the tanned leathers were investigated for the determination of chemical characterization. The tensile strength, elongation at break, tear strength, and colour measurement tests were also carried out for investigating the physical properties. The titanium tanned leathers had a mean shrinkage temperature of 79.5°C and more yellowish colour than the chromium tanned leathers. Their tensile strength properties were found similar with chromium leathers, while the elongation at break was found to be lower and tearing resistance was higher. The usage amount of 2.5% could be perfectly advised for the tanning process based on the titanium tanning material for achieving optimal properties required from different leather types such as upholstery, automotive and shoe upper leathers. Consequently, our results showed that this new titanium tanning agent could be used as an alternative tanning material in the production of chromium free eco-leathers considering the visual, physical, and chemical properties of resultant leathers.Öğe The effect of conservation defects on the suede quality of double-face(2004) Bitlisli B.O.; Karavana H.A.; Basaran B.; Sari O.; Yasa I.; Birbir M.In this research, the effects of microorganisms on suede quality of double-face leather were examined. The bacterial numbers on salted sheepskin samples were found as 1.8×106-4.3×107 cfu/g on solid medium and 1.9×106-4.7×107 cfu/g on halophile medium containing 10-30% NaCl. However it was found that salted sheepskins contained 4.4×101-2.0×104 cfu/g of fungi. While 53-74% of halophilic bacteria and 39-58% of fungi showed proteolytic activity, 47-62% of halophilic bacteria and 35-54% of fungi showed lipolytic activity. It was observed that defective light stained areas on suede surface of finished double-face leathers were caused by microorganisms on salted sheepskins and that these defects correspond to 35% of the total double-face leathers amount. Consequently, it was decided that the proteolytic and lipolytic activities of microorganisms on the flesh side of the sheepskins decreased the suede quality and caused economical losses.Öğe Effect of leather finishing on the colour uniformity and batch homogeneity of leathers [Influentatipului de finisai asupra uniformitatii culorii si omogenitatii loturilor de piei](2012) Mutlu M.M.; Basaran B.; Bitlisli B.O.; Adiguzel Zengin A.C.It is still discussed whether the finishing process is art, craft or science. One thing for sure is that in most cases, colour uniformity obtained via finishing is vital for the evaluation of the leather in ready-made goods. Finishing process is the final step in leather processing, enhancing the final surface appearance and characteristics of the leather such as perceptual colour, opacity, feel touch, fastness and so on, toward the direction of customers' demands. In this study, effects of multiple finishing coats on the homogeneity of batch colours were investigated. For this purpose, randomly selected samples from batches of 500 leathers for 7 different colours were studied. Colour measurements of each leather were taken from 7 different regions, after each finishing step, to monitor the colour changes, and the results were evaluated statistically. According to our results, the uniformity problem observed in surface colour has been eliminated completely for beige, white, black and green colours by the opacity of finish coats and mechanical operations but not completely eliminated and just levelled to some extent for red and allied colours. In conclusion, it was found out that finishing was the main option for improving colour uniformity and matching quality in the batch, and thereby, increasing the cutting yield.Öğe The effects of different tanning agents on some properties of medical sheepskins(2010) Bitlisli B.O.; Karavana H.A.; Basaran B.; Isik N.O.In this research washing and perspiration fastnesses of medical sheepskins produced with different combinations of aluminium triformiade, basic chromium sulphate, polyaldehyde, synthetic and vegetal tanning agents were investigated. It was found that differences of the softness values between the process recipes were statistically significant (P<0.05). It was determined that softness characteristics of leathers after washing and perspiration treatment had improved depending on usage rate of chromium and polyaldehyde. It was also detected that lighter leathers could produced by using more chromium and area loss of leathers after washing and perspiration treatment was minimum level by increasing usage rate of polyaldehyde. Differences of the colour coordinate values between the procedures were found statistically significant (P<0.05). It was determined that colour characteristics of leathers changed depending on tanning agents and leathers had been lighter colour when the ratio of aluminium increases.Öğe The effects of different tanning agents on some properties of medical sheepskins [Efectele diverşilor agenti de tabacire asupra unor proprietati ale pieilor de ovine pentru uz medical](2010) Bitlisli B.O.; Karavana H.A.; Basaran B.; Isik N.O.In this research washing and perspiration fastnesses of medical sheepskins produced with different combinations of aluminium triformate, basic chromium sulphate, polyaldehyde, synthetic and vegetal tanning agents were investigated. It was found that differences of the softness values between the process recipes were statistically significant (P<0.05). It was determined that softness characteristics of leathers after washing and perspiration treatment had improved depending on usage rate of chromium and polyaldehyde. It was also detected that lighter leathers could be produced by using more chromium and area loss of leathers after washing and perspiration treatment was minimum level by increasing usage rate of polyaldehyde. Differences of the colour coordinate values between the procedures were found statistically significant (P<0.05). It was determined that colour characteristics of leathers changed depending on tanning agents and leathers are lighter when the ratio of aluminium increases.Öğe Fish skins: Valuable resources for leather industry(International Union of Leather Technologists and Chemists Societies (IULTCS), 2015) Zengin A.C.A.; Basaran B.; Karavana H.A.; Mutlu M.M.; Bitlisli B.O.; Gaidau C.; Niculescu M.; Maereanu M.Although leather industry makes manufacturing by using renewable natural sources, the sector is strictly dependent on world animal population and works with limited sources. Due to the scarcity in raw material, turning to other resources becomes more important for sustainability in leather industry. Therefore, evaluation of fish skins seems to be a good alternative. In this study, evaluation of the fish skins for leather industry, designing the production recipes, determination of the final properties of fish skins and converting the fish skins to consumer goods were aimed. Within this scope, structural, physical, and chemical properties of three kinds of fish skins (sturgeon, carp, and conger), were determined. All fish leathers showed adequate physical strength to be used in the manufacture of leather goods; however some of these leathers were found to be thin and tough due to their surface patterns and structures compared to other skin types. Especially sturgeon leathers found to be suitable for the production of elegant shoe and bags owing to their natural surface patterns and they can be used in the production of high value added luxury leather goods.Öğe Improving the properties of wet-white tanned leather characteristics by using collagen-based biopolymer(International Union of Leather Technologists and Chemists Societies (IULTCS), 2015) Basaran B.; Sancakli A.; Dilek Y.Mineral tannage, in particular chrome tanning have been a pioneer for more than a century in many types so that leathers become softer, lighter and more flexible as well as having higher hydrotermal stablity and appropriate crust properties for many different finishes. Despite the high reactivity of chromium salts to collagen giving an effective hydrothermal stability, their immediate concerns about adverse effects on environment and unknown ecological impacts is of a major drawback staying ahead of the industrial sustainability through this technololgy. In this context, new tanning technologies should be invented, replaced and procured acceptance with a satisfiable product quality. The wet-white tannages consist of zirconium (IV) and aluminium (III) salts with high durability and resistance and also organic alternatives consist of phosphonium, aldehydes and some syntans with more eco friendly and biodegradable characteristics seem to be the main combinations of the practices in line with this developments without any changes of infrastructure. This study is considered to be an endeavour in accordance with today's best available techniques and a pathway to possible alternative tanning methods emerging as a result of common trends in avoidance of chromium as a tanning agent. Study with many optimistic results aimed at the improvement of leather performance criteria through the combination of collagen based biopolymers with the tanning agents comprising zirconium (IV) and aluminium (III) salts and phosphonium salts. With the modified tanning method, some imperfections of wet-white leather properties were enhanced by biopolymer additions, thereby; increased the leather qualities.Öğe Modification of leather surface characteristics with fiber coating: Flocking of leather(International Union of Leather Technologists and Chemists Societies (IULTCS), 2011) Basaran B.; Yorgancioglu A.; Onem E.The fact that leather's surface of use is brought touch and appearance in an unusual way has become the main objective of finishing in recent years. Because some surface defects cannot be overcome with a classic type finishing, it possible for them to be evaluated with coating techniques. Coating must be aimed at obtaining an alluring product besides its compatibility with the leather properties' being important and in addition to its overcoming the surface defects. In the study, we conducted some studies on the evaluation of the leathers, which are of low quality and contain surface defects, aiming at obtaining different surface characteristics. We aimed to bring ease of use and alternative appearance and touch by creating a fibrous surface through the covering of the flocked, which is an important group of synthetic leathers, and alcantara's applicaitons on leather. In order to obtain an effective fibre surface in different patterns and smooth applicaitons, different binder types, flock formulations and flock fibres were tried, their characteristics were determined thanks to imaging techniques and the sufficiency of fibres' bindings were examined through some physical tests. According to the results, it was observed that in the products of bag, shoes, dress and accessories, on which fantasy appearance and different patterns were applied, polyurethane binder is at the sufficient level and it brings in more superior binding characteristics than acrylics binder.Öğe New tanning agents based on titanium and zirconium(2010) Crudu M.; Deselnicu V.; Mutlu M.M.; Gulumser G.; Bitlisli B.O.; Basaran B.; Zengin A.C.A.This paper presents the study of new solid complexes of Ti(IV) and Zr(IV) derived from the interaction of TiOSO4·2H2O and ZrOCl2·8H2O with C4H5NO 3 (n-hydroxysuccinimide) in central atom:ligand combination ratio of 1:1 and 1:2. To characterize the new compounds in solid state, specific methods have been used: infrared spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, thermodynamic analysis to establish the structure and possibilities of use in leather processing. It has been established that Ti(IV) complexes make up structures by hexacoordination and Zr(IV) makes up dodecahedral structures.Öğe A newly synthesized hydrazone derivative as a fluorescent enhancement chemosensor for sensitive detection of Cd2+ Ions(American Scientific Publishers, 2016) Basaran B.; Aksuner N.; Henden E.; Yilmaz I.; Cukurovali A.A highly sensitive chemical sensor procedure for Cd2+ based on fluorescent measurements was accomplished by using of Chloroacetic acid N-[4-(3-methyl-3-phenyl-cyclobutyl)-thiazol-2-yl]-N-pyridin-2-ylmethylene-hydrazide ligand immobilized in PVC films. This membrane gives a linear response in the concentration range between 1.0×10-10 and 1.0×10-5 M with a limit of detection of 7.2×10-11 M at pH 5.5. The membrane can be used over a period of four months with good reproducibility. It is selective over a number of anions and cations and can be regenerated with 0.1 M EDTA solution. The proposed sensor was applied to the determination of cadmium in real water samples. The sensor provides a low cost and fast method for the determination of Cd2+. © 2016 American Scientific Publishers.Öğe A novel approach in leather finishing: Surface modification with flock fibers(2012) Basaran B.; Yorgancioglu A.; Onem E.In recent years, finishing has begun introducing an extraordinary touch and appearance to the surface of leathers by surface modification. Because some superficial anomalies cannot be recovered by conventional finishing procedures, those can only be drawn on by coating techniques. Coating aims at obtaining an alluring product, which must both recover the surface anomalies and be compatible with the leather characteristics.This study is for valorization of leathers with inferior quality, which contain surface defects, thereby being aimed at improvement of the surface characteristics. The product should have ease of use, as well as giving a fashionable look and touch to flocked fibrous surfaces, whether applied to synthetic leather types or Alcantara. For covered and patterned fibrous surfaces, the experimentations of different flock formulations with different binder types were executed, superficial characteristics were imaged with optoanalytical techniques and the fiber adhesion onto the surface was examined by abrasion tests. The research results showed that polyurethane binder had acceptable qualities for bags, footwear, garments and accessories and yielded superior binding characteristics compared to acrylic binder. © The Author(s) 2012 Reprints and permissions: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav.Öğe Oligomeric melamine-formaldehyde resin as pre-tanning agent(2010) Pruneanu M.; Maier S.S.; Maier V.; Deselnicu V.; Mutlu M.M.; Gulumser G.; Bitlisli B.O.; Basaran B.; Zengin A.C.A.This paper presents a novel procedure for the chemical synthesis of a melamine-formaldehyde resin, modified by sulfonation with sulfanilic acid. The product was characterized by chemical analysis, FTIR spectroscopy and gel-permeation chromatography (GPC). Experimental data confirmed the obtaining of three oligomeric fractions of the melamine-formaldehyde polycondensate class, with potential uses as pretanning agent in the manufacture of bovine wetwhite leather. The tanning potential of the obtained resin was assessed through the shrinking temperature of the tanned bovine pelt. An increase of the shrinking temperature by 8-10°C was recorded on the pretanned leather, compared with the pelt, when the resin was used alone, while when used along with resorcine, an increase by 30°C of the shrinking temperature was recorded.Öğe Physical and antimicrobial characteristics of aloe vera treated split suede leather(2010) Bitlisli B.O.; Yasa I.; Aslan A.; Cadirci B.H.; Basaran B.This study examined some characteristics of split suede leathers that were treated with a range of Aloe vera concentrations. Following the tanning process of split suede leathers, Aloe vera was applied at five different concentrations (2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%). Leathers treated with Aloe vera took on a yellowish-brown color. Also, the moisture content and softness of the leathers increased according to the concentration of Aloe vera used, and the highest levels of both moisture content and softness were obtained at 8% and 10% application concentrations. The leathers that were treated with 6% or more Aloe vera had slightly higher tear load values when compared with control leathers. In addition, ethanol-based and water-based extracts of Aloe vera showed antimicrobial properties against some Gram (-) and Gram (+) bacteria and C. albicans.Öğe A sensitive and selective fluorescent sensor for the determination of mercury(II) based on a novel triazine-thione derivative(2011) Aksuner N.; Basaran B.; Henden E.; Yilmaz I.; Cukurovali A.A sensor membrane based on the fluorescence enhancement of a novel triazine-thione derivative, 4-ethyl-5-hydroxy-5,6-di-pyridin-2-yl-4,5-dihydro- 2H-[1,2,4]triazine-3-thione, was capable of determining mercury(II) with high selectivity over the range 5.0 × 10-10 and 5.0 × 10 -5 mol L-1 with a limit of detection of 1.8 × 10-10 mol L-1 (0.036 µg L-1). The sensor can be regenerated using 5% thiourea in 1.0 mol L-1 HCl solution. The sensor also displayed unique selectivity toward mercury(II) ion with respect to other common metal cations and was applied to the determination of mercury(II) in tap water and human hair samples. The accuracy of the results were comparable to those obtained by cold vapour atomic fluorescence spectrometry. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Sturgeon skins - a valuable resource for luxury leather industry [Pieile de sturioni - o resursa pretioasa pentru industria de pielarie de lux](INCDTP: Division Leather Footwear Research Institute, 2013) Gaidau C.; Maereanu M.; Foiasi T.; Zengin C.A.; Karavana H.A.; Mutlu M.M.; Bitlisli B.O.; Basaran B.This research paper presents sturgeon skins as a valuable resource for the luxury leather industry. Although less known for their use in the field of leather garments, sturgeon skins show a distinct alternation between skin and bony shields that suggests the possibility of manufacturing fashion accessories in the current fashion trends. The difficulty of processing technologies results from the peculiar structure of the skin without scales, but rich in bony protrusions. The paper presents the main characteristics of sturgeon skin processing, physical-mechanical and chemical properties, as well as the possibility of manufacturing luxury accessories. Research suggests a superior utilization of a byproduct of the fish processing industry and brings original contributions to knowledge regarding the properties of sturgeon skins.Öğe Thermally activated adsorbent over chemically modified Carica papaya tree adsorbents for removal of chromium from tannery wastewater(Elsevier Ltd, 2024) Hashem M.A.; Mim S.; Payel S.; Husne-Al-Jabeen; Sakib M.S.R.; Mizan A.; Basaran B.This work investigated on the adsorption efficacies of contrasting Carica papaya tree adsorbents in removing chromium from the tannery wastewater. The convenience of thermally activated adsorbent was evaluated over chemically modified adsorbents developed employing ZnCl2, KOH, and HNO3 individually followed by calcination (600 °C) for 3 h. Chromium removal efficiencies obtained for ZnCl2, KOH, and HNO3 modified and thermally modified Carica papaya tree adsorbents were 71.33 %, 73.58 %, 76.25 %, and 99.89 %, respectively. Chromium adsorption on different Carica papaya tree adsorbents was assessed by FTIR, EDX, TEM, and BET surface area analysis. The maximum chromium removal efficiency of thermally modified adsorbent was 99.88 % at 0.25-g/25 mL of adsorbent dose for a 20 min stirring time. Both the Pseudo-second-order equation and Freundlich isotherm showed the best fitting with determination coefficients R2 = 0.9997 and R2 = 0.9999, respectively. Freundlich isotherm and Pseudo-second-order kinetic revealed the adsorption reaction as a chemisorption reaction with stronger interaction between adsorbent and chromium. © 2023 Elsevier LtdÖğe Utilization of leather fibrous wastes for the production of reconstituted fibric materials: heavy metal determination and removal(Springer, 2022) Senthil R.; Kavukcu S.B.; Aruni A.W.; Dandar U.; Basaran B.; Sumathi V.Incomprehension concerning heavy metal containing finished solid leather wastes leads to environmental pollution. Conversion of these solid leather waste into energy and resource efficient products proves to be challenging. However, leather microfibres (LMF) were isolated from these heavy metal containing finished solid leather wastes. These heavy metal contain LMF further processed into metal reduction LMF. The metal reduction LMF were investigated for their heavy metal removal efficiency and toxicity analysis. The Cr (III) and Cr (VI) content of LMF was <1000 µg/mL and <800 µg/mL, respectively. Toxicity estimation was proved that the LMF had less than 1%. The study attempt to prepare reconstituted fibric materials (RFM) from metal reduction LMF and cellulose nanofibres (CNF). RFM were characterized for their physicochemical and mechanical properties. Hence, the study has proved a novel concept of RFM production which is recyclable, environmental friendly and cost effective. © 2022, Zhejiang University Press.
